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Govorova Zh. М.CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY FOR UNDERGROUND WATER COMPLEX OF WATER FOR DRINKABLE SMALL SETTLEMENTS
Introduction: The provision of drinking water standards for biologically active and biogenic components of groundwater (boron, bromides, fluorine, ammonium) in a number of regions of Russia is an urgent problem, the solution of which requires the selection and justification of water treatment technology. Purpose: To develop a technology for conditioning groundwater containing iron, boron and bromine. Results: Studies of deironing, de-icing and debromination in the underground water of the Chumlyakskoye field were carried out. It was found that with the content of iron in the initial water up to 2.16 mg/l and ammonium ions up to 3.2 mg/l at the outlet from the bioreactors and floating load filters, the purification efficiency according to these indices is 91.2 and 34%. Subsequent treatment of de-iron water on the models of filters of the first and second stages with the ion exchange resin Purolite S-108 and AV-17-8 accordingly allows to provide the standards for boron and bromides at their concentration in groundwater of 1.8 and 0.43 mg/l. Practical relevance: The developed technology can be used in the practice of preparing water for the purposes of domestic and drinking water supply, subject to pre-project testing in each particular case.
Key words: Groundwater, Research, Technology, Water Treatment, Removal of Iron, Bioreactor, Removing of Boron, Debromination.
References: 1. Zhurba, M. G., Govorova, Zh. M. (2010), Vodosnabzhenie. Tom 2. Uluchshenie kachestva vody [Water Supply. Volume 2. Improving the Quality of Water], Izdatel'stvo ASV. M., p. 544 (in Russian).
2. Pit'evaja voda. Gigienicheskie trebovanija k kachestvu vody centralizovannyh sistem pit'evogo vodosnabzhenija. Kontrol' kachestva. Sanitarno-jepidemiologicheskie pravila i normativy [Drinking Water. Hygienic Requirements for Water Quality of Centralized Drinking Water Supply Systems. Quality Control. Sanitary-Epidemiological rules and Regulations]. (2012), Federal'nyj centr gossanjepidnadzora Minzdrava Rossii. M., p. 103 (in Russian).
3. Govorova, Zh. M., Zhurba, M. G. (2012), Obosnovanie vodoochistnyh tehnologij i ih investirovanija: Nauchnoe izdanie [Justification of Water Treatment Technologies and their Investment.]. M., p. 176 (in Russian).
4. Ivleva, G. A., Kozina, A. K., Rodina, I. S., Merkulova, L. I., Koljadkina, G. S., Kandybina, G. M. (2004), «Purification of Natural Waters from Biologically Active Components - Boron and Bromine», Ochistka i kondicionirovanie prirodnyh vod: sb.tr. NII VODGEO, no. 5, pp. 26–32 (in Russian).
5. Alekseev, L. S., Al'-Amri, Z., Ivleva, G. A. (2012), «Purification of Groundwater for Drinking Purposes from Boron», C.O.K. Plumbing , Heating and Air Conditioning, no. 3, pp. 20–22 (in Russian).
6. Tarasova, N. P., Ivanova, S. A., Naumov, V. N., Kuznecov, V. A., Zajcev, V. A. (2013), «The Treatment of Groundwater from Boron Compounds», Industrial ecology, no. 1, pp. 29–32 (in Russian).
7. Ivleva, G. A., Alekseev, L. S. (2007), «Barrier Functions of Ground Water Treatment technologies for Domestic Purposes», Water supply and sanitary techniques, no. 9, part 2, pp. 33–38 (in Russian).
8. Pervov, A. G., Andrianov, A. P., Jurchevskij, E. B., Spicov, D. V., Efremov, R. V., Rudakova, L. V. (2009), «Container Mounted Water Treatment Plants for Water Supply of Small Communities», Water supply and sanitary techniques, no. 7, pp. 40–46 (in Russian).
9. Zhurba, M. G. (2011), Vodoochistnye fil'try s plavayushchei zagruzkoi [Water treatment filters with moving bed. Scientific publication]. M., p. 536 (in Russian).
10. Zhurba, M. G., Govorova, Zh. M., Kvartenko, A. N., Govorov, О. B. (2006), «Biological Deferrization and Demanganization of Ground Water», Water supply and sanitarytechniques, no. 9, part 2, pp. 17–23 (in Russian).
11. Zhurba, M. G., Govorov, O. B., Govorova, Zh. M., Kvartenko, A. N. (2012), «Moving Bed Bioreactor-Filters in Groundwater Conditioning Technology», Santecfinika, no. 3, pp. 50–54 (in Russian).
Mishykov Boris Grigorievich, Loginov Artyr AlexandrovichIMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE PRIMARY CLARIFIERS IN THE MODE OF CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
Introduction: The main influence determining the intensity of eutrophic water bodies is the intake of nutrient elements - nitrogen and phosphorus - into the water bodies with discharged sewage. One of the forms of phosphorus retention during wastewater treatment is reagent phosphorus retention during shipment in primary settling tanks. In this case, the most significant (target) indicator of primary settling tanks is the efficiency of phosphorus removal. The data were provided by the State Unitary Enterprise "Vodokanal of Saint Petersburg" on the basis of the operation of primary sedimentation tanks of the North Station for 2014–2015. Purpose: Determination of the required dose of the reagent upon coprecipitation of phosphorus in primary sedimentation tanks. Determination of the efficiency of primary settling tanks in the regime of reagent coprecipitation of phosphorus. Results: The effect of the administered dose of the reagent on the phosphorus removal efficiency of phosphate and the clarification process of wastewater have been determined. Studies have shown that the reagent treatment of wastewater in primary sedimentation tanks with reduced doses increases the cleaning effect of suspended substances by 15–20% (compared to non-reactive settling) and proportionally increases the removal of COD, BOD5, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. The binding of orthophosphates allows, at the stage of biological treatment, to bring the phosphorus phosphate concentrations to 0.1–0.2 mg / l. The resulting solid impurities of aluminates accumulate in the active sludge, which is a favorable environment for the development of nitrifying bacteria and promote deep nitrification. A mathematical model has been developed that allows to calculate the dose of reagent for the removal of phosphorus phosphate for primary sedimentation tanks and take into account its effect on the clarification effect.
Practical relevance: Determination of the required dose of the reagent upon coprecipitation of phosphorus in primary sedimentation tanks. Determination of the efficiency of primary settling tanks in the regime of reagent coprecipitation of phosphorus.
Key words: Reagent Phosphorus Removal, Reagent Dosage, Primary Clarifier, Effect of Sedimentation
References: 1.(2015), ITS 10-2015: Ochistka stochnyh vod s ispol'zovaniem centralizovannyh sistem vodootvedenija poselenij, gorodskih okrugov [Wastewater Treatment Using Centralized Sewerage Systems for Settlements, Urban Districts], Federal'noe agentstvo po tehnicheskomu regulirovaniju i metrologii ITS 10-2015, Bjuro NDT, M., p. 377 (in Russian).
2.(2007), Degremont. Tehnicheskij spravochnik po obrabotke vody. Tom 2 [Degremont. Technical Reference Book on Water Processing. Vol. 2], Novyj zhurnal, Saint-Petersburg, p. 921 (in Russian).
3.(1999), "Convention for the Protection of the Natural Marine Environment of the Baltic sea area", Available at: http://www.helcom.ru/media/helcon (accessed 09 March 2017).
4.(2016), «Ob utverzhdenii normativov kachestva vody vodnyh ob’ektov rybohozjajstvennogo znachenija, v tom chisle normativov predel'no dopustimyh koncentracij vrednyh veshhestv v vodah vodnyh ob’ektov rybohozjajstvennogo znachenija» [On the Approval of Water Quality Standards for Water Bodies of Fishery Importance, Including Standards for Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Harmful Substances in the Waters of Water Bodies of Fishery Importance], Prikaz Ministerstva sel'skogo hozjajstva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 13.12.2016 g. № 552 [Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation of December 13, 2016 No. 552]. Available at: https://cdnimg.rg.ru/pril/135/60/63/45203.pdf (accessed 09 March 2017) (in Russian).
5. Voronov, Ju. V., Jakovlev, S. V. (2006), Vodootvedenie i ochistka stochnyh vod. Uchebnik dlja vuzov po spec."Vodosnabzhenie i vodootvedenie" [Wastewater and Wastewater treatment. Textbook for Universities on Special "Water Supply and Sanitation"], Izdatel'stvo ASV, M., p. 704 (in Russian).
6. Lucenko, G. N., Cvetkova, A. I., Sverdlov, N. Sh. (1984), Fiziko-himicheskaja ochistka gorodskih stochnyh vod [Physical and chemical treatment of municipal wastewater], Strojizdat, M., p. 88 (in Russian).
7. Federal'noe agentstvo po tehnicheskomu regulirovaniju i metrologii, (2012), SP 32.13330.2012: Kanalizacija. Naruzhnye seti i sooruzhenija. Aktualizirovannaja redakcija. SNiP 2.04.02–84*, Rosstandart (in Russian).
8. Karttunen, Je., (2005), Vodosnabzhenie II [Water Supply II], Novyj zhurnal, Saint-Petersburg, p. 688 (in Russian).
9. Solov'eva, E. A. (2011), Udalenie azota i fosfora iz gorodskih stochnyh vod. AP Lambert, Academic Publishing GbmH, Germany (in Russian).
10. Mishukov, B. G., Solov'eva, E. A., (2014), Glubokaja ochistka gorodskih stochnyh vod [Deep cleaning of urban wastewater], Saint-Petersburg, SPbGASU (in Russian).
11. Karmazinov, F. V. (ed.) (2002), Otvedenie i ochistka stochnyh vod Sankt-Peterburga [Displosal and Treatment of Sewage in Saint-Petersburg], Novyj zhurnal, Saint-Petersburg, p. 683 (in Russian).
12. Karmazinov, F. V. (ed.) (2008), Vodosnabzhenie i vodootvedenie v Sankt-Peterburge [Water supply and water disposal in St. Petersburg], Novyj zhurnal, Saint-Petersburg, p. 464 (in Russian).
13. Kinebas, A. K., Nefedova, E. D., Rublevskaja, O. N., Pankova, G. A., Pirogov A. G., Popova, N. I., Klimenko, A. I. (2011), «Opyt vnedrenija tehnologii himicheskogo udalenija fosfora: ot laboratornyh testov do promyshlennoj jekspluatacii» [Experience in introducing the technology of chemical phosphorus removal: from laboratory tests to industrial operation], Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaja tehnika, no.1, pp. 46–54 (in Russian).
14. Hence, M., Armojes, P., Lja-Kur-Jansen, J., Arvan, Je. (2004), Ochistka stochnyh vod. Biologicheskie i himicheskie processy [Wastewater Treatment. Biological and Chemical Processes.], Translated by Mosolova, T. P., Mir, M., p. 480 (in Russian).
15. Longdong, Y. (2013), Ochistka stochnykh vod. Programma povysheniya kvalifi katsii v oblasti vodnogo khozyaystva i okhrany okruzhayushchey sredy [Sewage Treatment. Advanced Sewage Treatment. Advanced Training in water Management and Environmental Protection], Novyy zhurnal, Saint-Petersburg, 483 p.
16. Mishukov, B. G. (ed.), (2014), Kurs lekcij [Lecture Course], SPbGASU, Saint-Petersburg, p. 196 (in Russian).
17. (2009), Leitfaden zur Verminderung des Phosphoreintrags aus Kläranlagen [Guideline for the Reduction of Phosphorus Input from Wastewater Treatment Plants], Available at: http://apps.thueringen.de/de/publikationen/pic/pubdownload1044.pdf (accessed: 15.03.2017).
Ignatchik C. Y., Kuznetsov P. N. ESTIMATING METHODS AND WAYS OF REDUCING WASTE WATER DECREASE IN THE ENVIRONMENT Part 1. Assessment methods and ways of reducing wastewater discharges when clogging or accidents at drainage network sites
Introduction: due to increased ecological requirements it is important to consider and prove actions, allowing to carry out water disposal without dumping of sewage into the environment.
Purpose: The development of estimating methods of wastewater dumping for different reasons.
Results: to assess the volume of wastewater discharges due to the excess of sewage inflow over the supply of sewage pumping stations as a result of emergency shutdown of pumps or receipt of waste water, a probabilistic-statistical method for assessing the risk and volume of accidental discharge of sewage into the environment. In the conditions of regulating their inflow or operation of the supply manifold in the pressure regime. It differs from the existing ones in that the experimental function of the distribution density of a random inflow is used as a characteristic of the wastewater disposal area, the experimental function of the distribution density of its supply is used to qualitatively char-acterizing the district pumping station, the risk and volume of emergency discharges are estimated taking into account the values of free. Regulating volume in the sewerage network. The estimation of wastewater discharges due to excess of sewage inflow over the capacity of network sections, as a result, of the receipt of an unaccountable wastewater discharge can be carried out by carrying out hydraulic calculation of the network sections, using actual intensities and rain durations as initial data. Practical relevance: the methodology advantages are illustrated by the example of the evalua-tion of the influence of pipe clogging on the need for labor resources and mechanisms for the ex-serviced network RKS-1 in Moscow. It has been established with a confidence probability of 0.95, the emergency discharge of untreated sewage into the environment will not exceed 8.7% of the an-nual inflow. To provide these probabilistic and technological indicators of reliability, safety of the water disposal network, the annual unscheduled need for labor resources is 26,700 people per hour.
Key words: Drainage System, Sewage Pumping Stations, Wastewater, Reliability, Surface Run-off, Emergency Reset, Maintainability.
References: 1. (2011). Russian Federation. The federal law of 07.12.2011 No. 416-FL "About water supply and water disposal" (In Russian).
2. Ignatchik, S. Yu. (2010). «Ensuring of Reliability and Power Saving When Designing the Facilities or Wastewater Transporting», Water Supply and Sanitary Technique, no. 4, pp. 56-62 (In Russian).
3. Ignatchik, S. Yu. (2013). «Methodology of Estimation of the Influence of Pipes Chok-ing on Reliability and Ecological Safety during Exploitation of Water Disposal Network», Vodoo-chistka, no. 2, pp. 33-41 (In Russian).
4. Karmazinov, F. V., Melnik, E. A., Probirsky, M. D., Il’in, Yu. A., Ignatchik, V. S., Ignatchik, S. Yu. (2011). «Influence of Tear-and-Wear of Vertical Pumps on Reliability, Safety and Power Consumption of Sewerage Pumping Stations», Water Supply and Sanitary Technique, no. 4, pp. 10-18 (In Russian).
5. Karmazinov, F. V., Mel'nik, E. A., Probirsky, M. D., Pankova, G. A., Mikhailov, D. M., Ilyin, Yu. A., Ignatchik, V. S., Ignatchik S. Yu. «Technical inspection of sewage pumping stations in Saint-Petersburg», Water Supply and Sanitary Technique, no. 1, pp. 20-27 (In Russian).
6. Ignatchik, V. S., Ivanovskii, V. S.,Ignatchik, S. Yu., Kuztetsova, N. V. (2015), Sistema dlya opredeleniya pokazateley nadezhnosti i bespereboynosti setey vodosnabzheniya i vodootvedeniya [System for Determining Reliability and Continuity of Water Supply and Sewerage Networks], RU, Patent № 2557486.
7. Ignatchik, V. S., Ivanovskii, V. S.,Ignatchik, S. Yu., Kuztetsova, N. V. (2016), Sposob otsenki nadezhnosti nasosnoy stantsii [Method for Assessing the Reliability of a Pumping Station], RU, Patent № 2602295.
8. Ignatchik, V. S., Ignatchik, S. Yu., Kuznetsova, N. V., Grinev, A. P. (2015). «Type Jus-tification of Settlement Model for Assessment of Reliability of Sewer Pump Stations of All-Floatable Systems of Water Disposal», Vodoochistka, no. 9, pp. 25-31 (In Russian).
9. Ignatchik, V. S., Ivanovskii, V. S.,Ignatchik, S. Yu., Kuztetsova, N. V. (2015), Sistema diagnostiki raskhoda vody [Water Flow Diagnostic System], RU, Patent № 2557349.
10. Karmazinov, F. V., Probirsky, M. D., Ignatchik, V. S., (2016), Sistema diagnostiki pritoka vody [Water Inflow Diagnostic System], RU, Patent № 2596029.
11. Ignatchik, V. S., Ivanovskii, V. S., Ignatchik, S. Yu., Kuztetsova, N. V., (2016) Sistema otsenki sbrosov stochnykh vod v okruzhayushchuyu sredu
[The system for Assessing the Discharge of Waste Water into the Environment], RU, Patent № 2599331.
12. Karmazinov, F. V., Pankova, G. A., Mikhailov, D. M., Kurganov, Yu. A., Murashev, S. V., Ignatchik, V. S., Ignatchik, S. Yu., Kuztetsova, N. V., (2017), Sistema dlya otsenki i prognozi-rovaniya sbrosov stochnykh vod [The System for the Assessment and Prediction of Wastewater Discharges], RU, Patent № 2606039.
13. Karmazinov F. V., Pankova G. A., Mikhailov D. M., Ignatchik V. S., Ignatchik S. Yu., Kuznetsova N. V. (2016). «Method of Evaluating the amount of Emergency Wastewater Discharges into the Environment», Water Supply and Sanitary Technique, no. 6, pp. 49-54 (In Russian).
14. Ignatchik, S. Yu., Kuznetsova, N. V. (2014). «Methodology of study and Optimization of Solutions during Reconstruction of Sewage Pumping Stations (by the example of Sewage Pump-ing station Washing of the system of Water Disposal of Saint - Petersburg)», Vodoochistka, no. 1, pp. 43-48 (In Russian).
15.(2015). Russian Federation. The federal law Russian Federation of 10.01.2002 (in ed. of 29.12.2015) No. 7- FL "About Environmental Protection" (In Russian).
Stolbikhin Iu. V., Fedorov S. V.THE SIMULATION OF AN OPERATING OF THE DROP SHAFT AT THE SEWERAGE NETWORK
Introduction: Abroad the problem of reduction of the intensity of microbiological corrosion of the sewage networks is partly solved by the use of stand pipes with vortex flow. However, the use of such structures in the sewerage system of St. Petersburg is impossible due todesign disadvantages, which can lead toplugging of the stand pipe and accidents on the network. In Russia the construction of the stand pipe made of cast iron and enclosed in concrete case is often used, and this stand pipe is the centerof the deterioration process. The use of polyethylene pipes as drop stand pipes can be a perspective way forsolution of the problem.Tosubstantiate the possibility of theiruse in such crucial facilities, it is necessary toevaluate the strength characteristics of polyethylene pipelines, depending on the flow rate of the liquid. Purpose: Development of a multidisciplinary model of functioning of a real drop stand pipe that allows tocalculate the hydrodynamic regime and toassess the effect of loads from the falling stream. Results: As the result of simulation the dependences of the flow velocity at the outlet of the stand pipe and the pressure at the inlet funnel and at the stilling basin on the waterflow rate are given. Toassess the strength characteristics of the stand pipe the dependences of the equivalent stress on the sewage flow rate are obtained. The fact of polyethylene stand pipe exposure todeformation resulting from the movement of the stream is proved. A comparison of the values of the equivalent stresses with allowable stresses forpolyethylene pipes is carried out. The possibility of using polyethylene pipes with specified wall thickness as the stand pipes in drop shafts is vindicated. Practical relevance: The use of polyethylene pipes allows toexclude the possibility of destruction of the stand pipe and toslow the corrosion process in the drop shaft.
Key words: Keywords: Shaft, Stand Pipe, Drop, Drop Shaft, Drop Pipe, Simulation of Sewerage Facilities, Hydrodynamic Impact.
References: 1. Aisaev, A. A. (1999), Otvedenie i ochistka stochnykh vod Sankt-Peterburga [Wastewater Disposal and Treatment in Saint Petersburg], Stroyizdat St. Petersburg. Saint Petersburg., p. 424 (in Russian).
2. Rozental, N. K. (2007), «Corrosion and Protection of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Structures of
Wastewater Treatment Plants», Concrete and reinforced concrete, no. 1, pp. 96–103 (in Russian).
3. Zhang, L. (2008), «Chemical and Biological Technologies for Hydrogen Sulphide Emission Control in
Sewer Systems: A review», Water Research, no. 42, pp. 1–12.
4. Wells, P., Melchers, R. (2009), «Factors Involved in the Long Term Corrosion of Concrete Sewers (Paper
54)», Conference Proceedings: Corrosion and Prevention 2009: The Management of Infrastructure
Deterioration, pp. 15–18.
5. Hewayde, E., Nehdi, M. (2006), «Effect of Geopolymer Cement on Microstructure, Compressive Strength
and Sulphuric Acid Resistance of Concrete», Magazine of Concrete Research, no 58 (5), pp. 321–331.
6. Weiss, G. (2010), «Hydraulic Model Tests on a Stormwater Vortex Drop Shaft: Verification of Special
Conditions», NOVATECH, Session 2.5, pp. 1–8.
7. Stolbikhin, Iu. (2016), «Development of Methods for Preventing Corrosion of Sewerage Collectors
and Structures on the Basis of Improving the Energy Dissipation Chambers», Abstract of PhD Thesis, Water Supply, Sewerage, Construction Systems for Water Resources, Saint Petersburg State University
of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Saint-Petersburg, RU.
8. Stolbikhin, Iu. V. (2015), «The Research of Ejection Process in Energy Dissipation Chamber», Bulletin of
Civil Engineers, no 3 (50), pp. 202–210.
9. Lazev, A. V., Kudriavtsev, A. V., Fedorov, S. V. (2015). «Modelirovanie razdelitelnoi kamery s
koltsevym vodoslivom» [Simulation of a Separation Chamber with a Ring Weir]. Aktualnye problemy
sovremennogo stroitelstva. [Actual Problems of Modern Construction]. Materialy 68-i mezhdunarodnoi
nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii studentov aspirantov i molodykh uchenykh Sankt-Peterburgskogo
gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitelnogo universiteta. [Materials of the 68th international scientific
and practical conference of students, graduate students and young scientists. Saint Petersburg State
University of Architecture and Civil Engineering]. SPSUACE. St. Petersburg., p. 396 (in Russian).
10. (2009), ANSYS CFX - Solver Theory Guide [S.l.]: ANSYS, Inc., p. 261.
11. Khitrykh, D. P. (2014), «Recommendations on using Meshing Postprocessor «Ansys Meshing», Ansys
Advantage. Russian editorial office, no 20, pp. 34–43.
12. Vasilev, V. (1996), «Increase of Efficiency of Sewerage Collectors and Structures on them in the Joint
Movement of Waste Water and Gases», Abstract of D. Sc. Thesis, Water Supply, Sewerage, Construction
Systems for Water Resources., Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
(SPSUACE)., Saint-Petersburg, RU.
13. Alekseev, M. (1972), «Investigation of Differences on the Sewage Network», Abstract of PhD Thesis,
Water Supply, Sewerage, Construction Systems for Water Resources., Leningrad Order of Labor Red
Banner Engineering and Construction Institute., Leningrad, USSR.
Dvurechenskaya S. Ya., Bulycheva T. M.DETERMINATION OF THE WATER QUALITY OF THE RESERVOIR BY AN INTEGRAL INDICATORS IN DIFFERENT PERIODS OF WATER CONTENT
Introduction: The assessment of the quality of surface water by the integrated indicators on accepted techniques does not reflect the true picture of water pollution.
Thus the rating of water to a certain class of quality should be considered as conditional statement since these characteristics do not make it possible to separate the contribution of the natural and anthro pogenic components. It would be more correct to compare the concentrations of chemicals with regional background values. Purpose: The aim of this work is the development of a methodical appro ach to determining the water quality of the Upper Ob River by the example of the Novosibirsk Reservoir in periods of different water content by integrated quality indicators based on water quality targets characteristics.
Results: The necessity to consider the regional backgrou nd concentrations of chemicals was shown on the example of Novosibirsk reservoir. The pro cedures of determining of water quality class with maximum permissible concentration and target characteristics of water quality held as the regional backgrou nd concentrations were compared for the years of different water and different hydro logical seasons. If target characteristics of water quality have been taken as deemed “natural pollution” or the natural backgrou nd, then the anthro pogenic pollution is determined by the excess of the value of these indicators. Practical relevance: Proposed by the authors method of assessing water quality, based on a comparison of concentrations of chemicals with a regional background values makes it possible to more accurately determine the quality of the reservoir water, isolating the contribution of anthropogenic pollution. This allows to get an adequate picture of the quality of water reservoirs in different regions, as well as a reasonable claim against the polluters.
Key words: Water Quality, Integrated Indicators, Water Content.
References: 1. Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya., Bulycheva, T. M., Savkin, V. M. (2012). «Water-Ecological Features of the Formation of the Hydrochemical Regime of the Novosibirsk Reservoir», Water: chemistry and ecology, no. 9, pp. 8–13 (in Russian).
2. Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya., Bulycheva, T. M. (2015). «On the Issue of Methodological Approaches to the Determination of Water Quality by Integrated Indicators (by the example of the Novosibirsk Reservoir)», Water: chemistry and ecology, no. 10, pp. 32–37 (in Russian).
3. RD 52.24.643 – 2002. (2003), Metodicheskie ukazaniya. Metod kompleksnoj ocenki stepeni zagryaznennosti poverxnostnyx vod po gidroximicheskim pokazatelyam. SPB.: Gidrometeoizdat. 49 s [Methodical Instructions. Method for the Integrated Assessment of the Degree of Contamination of Surface Waters by Hydrochemical Indicators], Gidrometeoizdat. SPb., p. 49 (in Russian).
4. Levich, A. P., Bulgakov, N. G., Maksimov, V. N., Risnik, D. V. (2011). «In situ» - texnologiya ustanovleniya lokalnyx ekologicheskix norm» [«In situ»-Technology for Establishing of Local Environmental Standards]. Voprosy ekologicheskogo normirovaniya i razrabotka sistemy ocenki sostoyaniya vodoemov. [Issues of Environmental Regulation and the Development of a System for Assessing the State of Water Bodies]. Materialy obedinennogo plenuma nauchnogo soveta OBN RAN po gidrobiologii i ixtiologii. gidrobiologicheskogo obshhestva pri RAN i mezhvedomstvennoj ixtiologicheskoj komissii. [Proceedings of the Joint Plenum of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Science on Hydrobiology and Ichthyology and Hydrobiological Society at the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Interdepartmental Ichthyological Commission], in Pavlov, D. S., Rozenberg, G. S., Shatunovskij, M. I. (ed.). Tovarishhestvo nauchnyx izdanij. KMK. M., p. 196 (in Russian).
5. Volkov, I. V., Zalicheva, I. N., Ganina, B. C., Ilmast, T. B., Kajmina, N. V., Movchan, G. V., Shustova N. K. (1993). «On the Principles of Regulation of Anthropogenic Pressure on Aquatic Ecosystems», Water resources, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 707–713 (in Russian).
6. Ermolaeva, N. I., Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya., Anoshin, G. N. (2000). «The Study Of Heavy Metal Distribution in the Novosibirsk Reservoir Ecosystem», Geochemistry International, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 514–521.
7. Alekin, O. A. (1970). Osnovy gidroximii. [Fundamentals of Hydrochemistry], Gidrometeoizdat. L., p. 442 (in Russian).
8. Palagano da Rochа Monyque, Dourado Priscila Leocadia Rosa, Rodrigues, Jorge Luiz Raposo Mayara de Souza, Grisolia Alexeia Barufattia, Pires de Oliveira Kelly Mari. (2015). «The Influence of Industrial and Agricultural Waste on Water Quality in the Água Boa stream (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil)», Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, no. 07, p. 4475.
9. Calijuri M. L., Jackeline de Siqueira Castro, Costa L. S., Assemany P. P, José Ernesto Mattos Alves. (2015). «Impact of Land Use/land Cover Changes on Water Quality and Hydrological Behavior of an agricultural Subwatershed», Environmental Earth Sciences, no. 9, pp. 74–80.
10. Shimelis Setegn. (2015). «Water Resources Management for Sustainable Environmental Public Health», in Shimelis Gebriye Setegn, Maria Concepcion Donoso (ed.), Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management: Water Governance, Climate and Ecohydrology, Springer International Publishing, Сhapter 15, pp. 275–287.
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Kovshov S. V., Skamyin A. N.PROMISING METHODS OF OBTAINING OF BIOGAS AND VERMICOMPOST. EXPERIMENTAL STAND
Introduction: In the conditions of constantly growing volumes of waste and increasing environmental requirements of the waste processing, the traditional methods of biogas and zoogenic processing of waste are insufficient. Purpose: To create, to substantiate and to study the parameters of biogenic system based on the simultaneous use of biogas and vermitechnology. Methods: an experimental set, in which methods of obtaining of biogas and vermitechnologies method was technologically combined into one unit. Results: it is expected that the combined use of biogas technology and vermitechnology will greatly enhance the efficiency of processing of organic waste compared to biogas and biogenic technologies applied separately. It is revealed that methane fermentation is carried out at medium and high temperatures. The best performance is achieved with thermophilic methane fermentation. The peculiarity of the methane consortium allows to make the fermentation process in continuous mode. For the normal course of anaerobic digestion process the following optimal conditions are required: temperature; anaerobic conditions; a sufficient concentration of nutrients; the allowable range of pH values, the absence or low concentration of toxic substances. Practical relevance: it is suggested that the new combined method of using biogas technology and vermitechnology will significantly reduce the consumption of fossil fuels to generate electricity and will increase efficiency. One of the directions of the new method may be waste management of the livestock enterprises. Also promising is the use of this method in the rural areas for family farms waste processing, which will provide these farms with an additional energy and valuable fertilizers.
Key words: Keywords: Biogas, Vermitechnology, Vermicompost, Fermentation, Shoulders, Renewable Energy, Waste, Waste to Energy Processes.
References: 1. Yeldishev, Yu. N. (2003), “Wastes: not to Bury, but Recycle”, Ecology and Life, no. 1, pp. 52 – 56 (in Russian).
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Olkova A. S.THE CONDITIONS OF CULTIVATION AND THE VARIETY OF TEST FUNCTIONS OF DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS IN BIOASSAY
Introduction: The branching crustaceans Daphnia magna Straus are among the first test organisms to be used to assess the degree of toxicity of aquatic environments. In modern control of the quality of natural and waste water, Bioassay using Daphnia magna are the most common. Purpose: To analyze the features and advantages of the laboratory culture of Daphnia magna Straus for bioassay aqueous media, and to test the spectrum of test functions for the evaluation of test media. Results: The impact of such factors as the density of model groups, the temperature conditions of the contents, the chemical composition of the cultivation waters and their values for the sensitivity of test organisms to toxicants have been determined on the responses of crustaceans. An analysis of the diversity of bioassay methods using the Daphnia magna test organism has been carried out, which has revealed that the most common methods are those involving the death of crustaceans in model groups. In experiments with model aqueous solutions and natural waters, it was shown that in the implementation of this approach, situations of unauthorized recognition of a harmless sample are possible. For example, when exposure to organisms of a dose of heavy metals is less than the mean lethal concentration, important environmental effects are missed, including those delayed in time. In this case, it is necessary to evaluate sublethal effects of Daphnia magna: heart rate, biochemical parameters, linear body size, biomass of model populations. In a series of our studies, the effects diagnosed under the conditions of a chronic experiment are shown. We propose to quantify the set of test functions available for accounting without special equipment, and therefore easily implemented in the practice of many environmental laboratories: the mortality and fertility of adults of Daphnia magna, the time of maturation of individuals, the number of abortive eggs, the number of stillborn young. For the most detailed study of the effect of individual substances or their combinations, a bioassay approach based on the evaluation of effects in several consecutive generations of Daphnia magna is proposed. This makes it possible to establish the compatibility of the level of chemical contamination with the long-term existence of the population, which is especially important when extrapolating the results of bioassay to natural ecosystems.
Key words: Keywords: Bioassay, Daphnia Magna Straus, Test-Function, Mortality, Fertility, Toxic Effects, Contaminants, Natural Waters.
References: 1. Van Loon, W. V. G. M., Hermens, L. M. (1995), «Monitoring Water Quality in the Future», Mixture toxicity parameters, no. 2. pp. 116–118.
2. Michukova, M. V., Kanarskij, A. V., Kanarskaya, Z. A. (2006), «Study of the Toxicity of Waste Water from Pulp and Paper Production using the Biotesting Method at Daphnia magna Str.», Bulletin of Kazan Technological University, № 1, pp. 95–102 (in Russian).
3. Pushkar', V. YA., Shchegol'kova, N. M., Kozlov, M. N., Danilovich, D. A. (2006), «Biotesting of Biologically Purified Waste Water», Ecology and Industry of Russia, №. 4, pp. 29–31 (in Russian).
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5. Zhmur, N. S. (1997), Gosudarstvennyj i proizvodstvennyj kontrol' toksichnosti vod metodami biotestirovaniya v Rossii [State and Industrial Control of Water Toxicity by methods of Biotesting in Russia], Izdatel'stvo Mezhdunarodnyj dom sotrudnichestva. М., pp. 6–19 (in Russian).
6. Vavilova, M. V., Terekhova, V. A. (2008), Tekhnologii biotestirovaniya: EHkotoksikologicheskaya ocenka obektov okruzhayushchej sredy [Biotesting technologies: Ecotoxicological assessment of environmental conditions], Izdatel'stvo MGU. M., p. 82 (in Russian).
7. Nikanorov, A. M., Trunov, N. M. (1999), Vnutrivodoemnye processy i kontrol' kachestva prirodnyh vod [Intra-water processes and Quality Control of Natural Waters], Izdatel'stvo Gidrometeoizdat. S-Pb., p. 150 (in Russian).
8. Ecobichon, D. J. (1992), The Basis of Toxicity Testing. Fl.: CRC Press, p. 329.
9. Braginskij, L. P. (2000), «Methodological aspects of Toxicological Biotesting at Daphnia magna St. and other Branching Crustaceans (critical review)», Hydrobiological Journal, vol. 36, №. 5, pp. 50–70 (in Russian).
10. Naumann, E. (1933), «Daphnia magna Straus als Versuchtiere», Kgl. Fysiog. Saliskap, Lund forhunde, № 2, pp. 1–49.
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15. FR.1.39.2007.03222 (2007), Metodika opredeleniya toksichnosti vody i vodnyh vytyazhek iz pochv, osadkov stochnyh vod, othodov po smertnosti i izmeneniyu plodovitosti dafnij [The methodology for determining the Toxicity of water and Water Extracts from Soils, Sewage Sludge, Waste by Mortality and the change in the Fertility of Daphnia], Izdatel'stvo: Akvaros. M, p. 52 (in Russian).
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17. Vorobeva, O. V., Filenko, O. F., Isakova, E. F. (2013), «Changes in the Fertility of Laboratory Culture D. magna», Perspectives of Science, №. 9 (48), pp. 11–14 (in Russian).
18. Misejko, G. N., Tushkova G., I., Ckhaj I., V. (2001), «Daphnia magna (Crustacea Cladocera) as a test object under optimal Conditions of Laboratory Cultivation», Bulletin of Altai State University, №. 3, pp. 83–86 (in Russian).
19. Filenko, O. F., Isakova, E. F., Chernomordina, A. V. (2004), «Peculiarities of Potassium Dichromate on generation and Model Populations of Inferior Crustaceans», Aktual'nye problemy vodnoj toksikologii: sb statej, Izdatels'vo Instituta biologii vnutrennih vod RAN. Borok, pp. 176–194 (in Russian).
20. Shashkova, T. L., Grigor'ev, Yu. S. (2013), «The Action of Heavy Metals on the Trophic Activity of Daphnia, Depending on the Feeding Conditions and the age of the Crustaceans», Siberian Ecological Journal, vol. 20, №. 6, p. 885 (in Russian).
21. Ol'kova, A. S. (2013), «Search of Informative Test-Functions Daphnia magna at Biotesting of Components of an Environment», Biosistema: ot teorii k praktike: sb. tr. Pushchino, pp. 92–94 (in Russian).
22. Matorin, D. N., Venediktov, P. S. (2009), «Biotesting of Water Toxicity from the rate of Absorption by Daphnia Microalgae Recorded with the help of Fluorescence of Chlorophyll», Bulletin of Moscow University, Ser. 16, Biology, № 3, pp. 28–33 (in Russian).
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28. Rinke, K., Petzoldt, T. (2003), «Modeling the effects of temperature and food on individual growth and reproduction of Daphnia and their consequences on the population level», Limnologica. no. 33. pp. 293–304.
29. Nikanorov, A. M.,. ZHulidov, A.V. (1991), Biomonitoring metallov v presnovodnyh ehkosistemah [Biomonitoring of Metals in Freshwater Ecosystems], Izdatel'stvo Gidrometeoizdat. S-Pb., p. 312 (in Russian).
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31. GN 2.1.5.1315-03 (2003) «Predel'no-dopustimye koncentracii (PDK) himicheskih veshchestv v vode vodnyh ob"ektov hozyajstvenno-pit'evogo i kul'turno-bytovogo vodopol'zovaniya» [Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) of Chemical Substances in water of Water Objects of Domestic-drinking and Cultural -domestic water use] (in Russian).
32. Perel'man, A. I. (1989), Geohimiya [Geochemistry]. Izdatel'stvo: Vyssh. shk. M., p. 528 (in Russian).
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35. Hanazato, T. (1998), «Growth analysis of Daphnia early Juvenile Stages as an Alternative Method to test the Chronic Effect of Chemicals», Chemosphere, vol. 36, № 8, pp. 1903–1909.
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37. ISO 6341 (1996), «Water quality determination of the inhibition of the mobility of Daphnia magna Straus (Cladocera, Crustacea) - acute toxicity test».
38. Allen, Y. A., Calow, P., Barid, D. J. (1995), «Mechanistic model of contaminant-induced feeding inhibition in Daphnia magna», Environment Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 14, № 9, pp. 1625–1630.
№2
Vlasova A. Yu., Chichirova N. D., Chichirov A. A., Filimonova A. A., Vlasov S. M.RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGY FOR NEUTRALIZATION AND PURIFICATION OF ACIDIC AND HARD-CONCENTRATED, LIQUID WASTE OF THE ION-EXCHANGE WATER TREATMENT PLANT OF TPPSCOMPLEX OF WATER FOR drinkable small settlements
Abstract
The results of laboratory studies and industrial experiments on neutralization and purification of highly mineralized acidic and hard spent regeneration solutions of H- and Na-cationite filters of an ion-exchange water-preparation plant of a thermal power plant are presented. As a reagent we used traditional – lime milk and coagulant, as well as carbonate sludge from the pre-treatment of water treatment plants. Sludge was used in the form of slime clarifier waters and in the form of sludge milk from accumulated waste. It is shown that in all cases in acidic and hard waste there is an adequate decrease in total salt content, hardness, salts content and pH growth. It was found that with the lime treatment of liquid waste with an excess of lime, an alkaline solution with a pH of about 11 is obtained, which requires additional neutralization. The action of the sludge is softer, because even with a two-three fold excess, a practically neutral solution is obtained, which can be directly discharged. In addition, when treating with sludge, there is a decrease in silicon compounds, iron and organic substances, probably due to the presence of coagulant and magnesium compounds in the sludge. Industrial tests and technology development were carried out at the operating thermal power plant – Nizhnekamsk power plants 1.
Key words: Keywords: Acid and hard spent regeneration solutions, sulphates, cleaning, thermal power plants.
References: References
1. Gromoglasov, A. A. (1990). Vodopodgotovka: processy i apparaty. [Water treatment: processes and devices]. M.: EHnergoatomizdat, 272 s.
2. Evgen'ev, I. V., CHichirova, N. D. (2001). «Rol' vodnogo balansa TEHS v razrabotke besstochnyh tekhnologij na primere Kazanskoj TEHC-3» [The role of the water balance of TPPs in the development of drainage technologies based on the example of Kazan CHP-3], Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Problemy ehnergetiki, № 9-10, S. 96.
3. Zakirov, I. A., Korolev, A. G., CHichirova, N. D., CHichirov, A. A., Vlasov, S. M., Pajmin, S. S., (2013). «Resursosberegayushchie tekhnologii pri sozdanii zamknutyh sistem vodopol'zovaniya na TEHS» [Resource-saving technologies in the development of closed water use systems at TPPs], Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Problemy ehnergetiki, №11–12. S. 55–60.
4. Chichirova, N. D., Chichirov, A. A., Vlasov, S. M. (2013). Vodopodgotovitel'naya ustanovka teplovoj ehlektrocentrali. [Water treatment plant of thermal power plant] RF, patent № 133122.
5. Chichirova, N. D., Chichirov, A. A., Vlasov, S. M. (2013). Vodopodgotovitel'naya ustanovka teplovoj ehlektrocentrali. [Water treatment plant of thermal power plant] RU, patent № 133526,
6. Kucenko, S. A., Hruleva, ZH. V. (2010). Sposob ochistki kislyh stochnyh vod ot sul'fatov tyazhelyh metallov [A method of purifying acidic waste water from heavy metal sulfates], RU, patent № 2448054
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11. (2011). Federal'nyj zakon Rossijskoj Federacii «O vodosnabzhenii i vodootvedenii» [The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Water Supply and Sanitation"] № 416-FZ ot 07.12.2011 (red. ot 13.07.2015).
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13. Federal'nyj zakon Rossijskoj Federacii «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal'nyj zakon "Ob ohrane okruzhayushchej sredy"» [Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On Environmental Protection],№ 219-FZ ot 21.07.2014 (red. ot 29.12.2014).
14. Chichirova N.D., Chichirov A.A., Korolyov A.G., Vafin T.F., (2010). «Ehkologicheskaya i ehkonomicheskaya ehffektivnost' vnedreniya resursosberegayushchih tekhnologij na teplovyh ehlektricheskih stanciyah» [Ecological and economic efficiency of introduction of resource-saving technologies at thermal power plants], Trudy Akademehnergo, № 3. S, 65–71.
15. Chichirova, N. D., Chichirov, A. A., Lyapin, A. I., Korolyov, A. G., Vafin, T. F., (2010). «Razrabotka i sozdanie TEHS s vysokimi ehkologicheskimi pokazatelyami». [Development and creation of thermal power plants with high environmental indicators] Trudy Akademehnergo, № 1, S. 34–44.
Ermolin Yu. A., Alekseev M. I. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT AS A CONTROLLED PROCESS
Abstract
The treatment of waste water in the complex of treatment facilities of the city as a controlled process is considered. The unit volume of water, characterized by a combination of pollution components, which, passing through the technological chain of treatment facilities, is subjected to control actions (dosage of coagulants, activated sludge, degree of aeration) is analyzed. The authors consider cleaning process as the displacement of the representative point in the space of the contamination parameters into an area limited by their maximum permissible values. It is shown that the achievement of the desired goal is possible with the use of various control strategies. The concept of the quality of process control is introduced. The problem of optimal control of wastewater treatment by the chosen criterion is formulated.
Key words: Key words: sewage, Component of pollution, Complex of treatment facilities, Control action, Degree of purification, Control criterion.
References: References
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9. Alekseev, M. I., Ermolin, YU. A. (2004). «Biologicheskaya ochistka stochnoj vody kak process v ehkologicheskoj sisteme «hishchnik–zhertva»»[ Biological wastewater treatment as a process in the ecological system «predator-prey»], Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo, № 3, S. 74–77.
10. Alekseev, M. I., Ermolin, YU.A., Pavlinova, I. I. (2005). «Dinamika funkcionirovaniya pervichnogo kanalizacionnogo otstojnika, [Dynamics of the functioning of the primary sewage sump]. Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaya tekhnika. 2005, № 1, S. 18–20.
Ignatchik V. S., Sarkisov S. V., Obvintsev V. A.RESEARCH OF WATER CONSUMPTION HOUR INEQUALITY COEFFICIENTS
Abstract
Introduction: due to necessity of bringing water supply systems in line with federal laws require-ments about reliability and energy conservation appears a necessity of reconstruction of its technical part. However, there are some differences between regimes of water consumption at this moment and regimes of the past because of modern equipment installing and appearance of new more eco-nomical devices. So using of old water consumption irregularity coefficients that we can see in normative documents during 40 years is incorrect. Research objective: to determine water con-sumption hours inequality coefficients and to get water-intake regime diagrams. Results: displace-ment of maximal and minimal water consumption values in comparison with classical diagrams of water consumption inequality were detected: real average daily water consumption was three times lower in comparison with calculated consumption which was taken according to normative docu-ments. Another point that received data allow us to find out a regularity of night period duration for different days of a week.
Practical relevance is that this data allows us to correct calculations and raise energy efficiency of water supply systems
Key words: Key words: Water Supply System, Regularity, Hour Irregularity, Instrumental Research, Data Collection.
References: References
1. Grinev, A. P., Sarkisov, S.V., Kuznetsova, N. V. (2015). Sposob opredeleniya grafikov kolebaniya rashoda vodyi na nasosnyih stantsiyah [Determination method of liquid-flow fluctuation on water pumping stations diagrams], Mezhdunarodnyiy Nauchnyiy Institut «Ed-ucatio», no. 3 (10), pp. 156–159.
2. Ivanovskiy, V. S., Ignatchik, V. S., Sarkisov, S.V., Putilin, P.A. (2015). Metodika optimi-zatsii sistem vodosnabzheniya [Optimization of water supply systems method. Proceedings of the Military space academy], Trudyi Voenno-kosmicheskoy akademii imeni A. F. Mozhayskogo, no. 649, pp. 123–129.
3. Ignatchik, V. S., Sarkisov, S. V., Grinev, A. P. (2015). Grafoanaliticheskiy sposob opre-deleniya rashoda vodyi [Grapho-analytical method of water consumption], Vestnik Tyum-GASU, №2, pp. 49–52.
4. Obvintsev, V. A., Ivanovskiy, V. S., Sarkisov, S. V. (2016). Sistema sbora dannyih i za-konomernosti neravnomernogo potrebleniya vodyi v seti zhilogo gorodka [Data and irregular water consumption regularities – getting system], Trudyi Voenno-kosmicheskoy akademii imeni A.F. Mozhayskogo, no. 652, pp.167–172.
5. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 782 “Water supply systems”
6. Putilin, P. A., Sarkisov, S. V. (2015). Rezultatyi eksperimentalnogo issledovaniya pokazate-ley bezotkaznosti setey sistemyi vodosnabzheniya [Results of water supplying systems fail – safety experimental research], Aktualnyie problemyi arhitekturyi, stroitelstva, ekologii i energosberezheniya v usloviyah zapadnoy Sibir, pp. 204–210.
7. Federal law of Russian Federation № 416 – FL “Water supplying systems”.
8. Federal law of Russian Federation № 261 – FL “Energy conservation and raising of energy effectiveness”.
9. Sarkisov, S. V. (2013) Obrabotka i analiz eksperimentalnyih dannyih energopotrebleniya sistemyi vodosnabzheniya s uchyotom razlichnyih rezhimov funktsionirovaniya ob'ekta [Analysis and processing of water supplying system energy consumption experimental data in case of different regimes of work], Novyie issledovaniya v oblastyah vodosnabzheniya, vodootvedeniya, gidravliki i ohranyi vodnyih resursov, Saint–Petersburg, pp. 48–51.
10. Sarkisov, S.V. (2016) Opredelenie avarii v seti vodosnabzheniya po rezul'tatam analiza in-formacii poluchennoj sistemoj sbora dannyh neravnomernosti potrebleniya vody [Results of experimental of irregular water consumption regularities], Estestvennye i tekhnicheskie nauki, no. 11 (101), pp. 164–167.
11. Sarkisov, S. V., Obvintsev, V. A. (2016). Opredelenie avarii v seti vodosnabzheniya po re-zul'tatam analiza informacii poluchennoj sistemoj sbora dannyh neravnomernosti potre-bleniya vody [Determination of failure in the water – supplying system according to analysis of information gained from water consumption irregularity data getting system], Interna-tional scientific conference, Smolensk, pp. 160–164.
12. Ivanovskiy, V. S., Ignatchik, V. S., Ignatchik, S. U., Kuznetsova, N. V. Opredelenie avarii v seti vodosnabzheniya po rezultatam analiza informatsii poluchennoy sistemoy sbora dannyih neravnomernosti potrebleniya vodyi. V: mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii «Aktualnyie voprosyi perspektivnyih nauchnyih issledovaniy». [Water con-sumption analyzing system]. Pat. № 2557349 Russian Federation G01L 1/00, G01F 1/66 / №2014117111/28. Published 20.07.2015. Page №20.
13. Building rules 31.13330.2012 “Water supplying system”.
14. Ignathcik, V. S., Ivanovskiy, V.S., Ignatchik, S. U., Kuznetsova, N.V. (2017). Sposob op-timizatsii sistemyi vodosnabzheniya [Method of water supplying system optimization], RU, Patent № 2608020.
15. Ilyin, U. A., Ignathcik, V. S., Ivanovskiy, V. S., Ignatchik, S. U. (2015). Sposob povy-isheniya energoeffektivnosti nasosnoy stantsii. [Method of water – pumping system energy effectiveness raising], RU, Patent №2561782.
16. Feofanov, U. A. (2010). Prognozirovanie vodopotrebleniya v zhiloy zastroyke Sankt-Peterburga [Predicting of water consumption size in residential area of Saint-Perersburg. 67 scientific conference of university personnel], part 1. Saint-Peterburg : SPBGASU Pages 53–57.
17. Feofanov, U.A. (2011) Obrabotka i analiz eksperimentalnyih dannyih energopotrebleniya sistemyi vodosnabzheniya s uchYotom razlichnyih rezhimov funktsionirovaniya ob'ekta [Analysis of water supply system energy consumption experimental data according to dif-ferent regimes of object functioning. International conference], Novyie dostizheniya v oblas-tyah vodosnabzheniya, vodootvedeniya, gidravliki i ohranyi vodnyih resursov, Saint-Petersburg, pp. 64–67.
18. Udin, M. U., Danilov, A. N., Karabenin, M. S. (2017). Izmenenie vodopotrebleniya v krupnyih gorodah Rossii na primere Sankt-Peterburga. Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaya tehni-ka. [Changes of water consumption in the cities of Russian Federation in example of Saint-Petersburg. "Water consumption and equipment"] №1, pages 6-39.
Savkin V. M., Dvurechenskaya S. Ya.ACTUAL WATER SUPPLY OF NOVOSIBIRSK MULTIPURPOSE WATER-RESOURCES COMPLEX
Abstract
Introduction: Novosibirsk reservoir as the only large artificial reservoir in the Ob basin was considered. It was shown that hydroelectric complex established in the mid-twentieth century to solve the acute problems of energy supply of Novosibirsk region caused the increase of anthropogenic pressure on water resources of the Upper Ob and Novosibirsk Reservoir. The authors argued that the growth of the energy supply of Western Siberia by Unified Energy System of Siberia at the same time had led to a change of leader in water use in the primary water supply. Research objective: to explore the benefit of multipurpose water-resources system where Novosibirsk reservoir successfully carries out the water requirements. Results: the ways of additional regulation of the Upper Ob River runoff in the interests of the developing diversified water management complex were discovered. Practical relevance: the need for development of a scientifically based strategy for the optimal use of the reservoir’s water resources, taking into account the possibility of increasing the degree of regulation of the Upper Ob River was justified.
Key words: Keywords: Upper Ob, reservoir, water use, priority water supply, pollution, surface water, groundwater.
References: References
1. Vinokurov, Yu. I., Puzanov, A. V., Bezmaternykh, D. M. (ed.) (2012). Sovremennoye sostoyaniye vodnykh resursov i funktsionirovaniye vodokhozyaystvennogo kompleksa basseyna Obi i Irtysha [The current state of water resources and the functioning of the water complex of the Ob and Irtysh basin.]. Novosibirsk: Siberian Branch RAS, 236 pp. (in Russian).
2. Savkin, V. M. (2011). «Osnovnyye vodno-ekologicheskiye problemy pri planirovanii, stroitelstve i ekspluatatsii vodokhranilishch GES na rekakh Sibiri» [The Basic water and environmental problems in the planning, construction and operation of reservoirs of hydroelectric power stations on the Siberian rivers], Sovremennyye problemy vodokhranilishch i ikh vodosborov, Tom 1. Gidro- i geodinamicheskiye protsessy. Perm: Perm State University, pp.147–151. (in Russian).
3. Vinokurov, Yu. I., Zinoviev, A. T., Lovtskaya, O. V., Savkin, V. M. (2008). «Regionalnyye problemy ustoychivogo vodopolzovaniya na yuge Zapadnoy Sibiri». Sb.nauchnykh trudov Vserossiyskoy konferentsii «Strategicheskiye problemy vodopolzovaniya Rossii» [Regional problems of sustainable water use in the South of Western Siberia, The book of scientific papers of the All-Russian Conference» Strategic Problems of Water Use in Russia]. M.: NOK, pp. 323–333 (in Russian).
4. Savkin, V. M. (2000). Ekologo-geograficheskiye izmeneniya v basseynakh rek Zapadnoy Sibiri. [Ecological and geographical changes in river basins of Western Siberia]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, pp. 152. (in Russian).
5. Savkin, V. M., Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya. (2009). Vodosnabzheniye kak osnovnoy komponent vodokhozyaystvennogo kompleksa Novosibirskogo vodokhranilishcha». [Water supply as the main component of the water management complex of the Novosibirsk reservoir, Sovremennyye problemy vodokhranilishch i ikh vodosborov. Perm: Perm State University. pp. 162–167 (in Russian).
6. Savkin, V. M., Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya. (2009). «Osobennosti gidrologicheskikh usloviy i problemy vodopolzovaniya Novosibirskogo vodokhranilishcha». [Features of hydrological conditions and problems of water use of the Novosibirsk reservoir], Voprosy gidrologii i gidroekologii Urala. Perm: Perm State University., pp. 8–14 (in Russian).
7. Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya., Bulycheva, T. M., Savkin, V. M. (2012). «Vodno-ekologicheskie osobennosti formirovaniya gidrohimicheskogo rezhima Novosibirskogo vodohranilischa», [«Water-Ecological Features of the Formation of the Hydrochemical Regime of the Novosibirsk Reservoir»], Voda: himiya i ekologiya, no. 9, pp. 8–13 (in Russian).
8. Savkin, V. M., Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya. (2014). «Resursnyie i vodno-ekologicheskie problemyi kompleksnogo ispolzovaniya Novosibirskogo vodohranilischa», [Resources-related and Water-Environmental Problems of the Complex use of the Novosibirsk Reservoir], Vodnyie resursy, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 446–453. (in Russian).
9. Savkin, V. M., Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya. (1998). «On the Problem of Water Resources and Water Quality of Novosibirsk Reservoir», International Review of Hydrobiology, Special issue, V. 83, pp. 389–392.
10. Vasiliev, O. F., Savkin, V. M., Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya. (1997). «Vodohozyajstvennye i ehkologicheskie problemy Novosibirskogo vodohranilishcha». Vodnye resursy .[«Water and ecological problems of the Novosibirsk reservoir». Water resources, vol. 24, no. 5. Pp. 581–589. (in Russian).
11. Savkin, V. M., Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya. (2016). «Novosibirskoye vodokhranilishche kak istochnik vodosnabzheniya». [Novosibirsk Reservoir as a source of water supply], Chelovek i voda, istoriya. Siberian State University of Water Transport. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, p.18–26 (in Russian).
12. Ermolaeva, N. I., Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya., Anoshin, G. N. (2000). «Issledovanie raspredeleniya tyazhelyih metallov v ekosisteme Novosibirskogo vodohranilischa». Geohimiya [«The Study Of Heavy Metal Distribution in the Novosibirsk Reservoir Ecosystem», Geochemistry International], vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 514–521. (in Russian).
13. Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya., Savkin, V. M., Smirnova, A. I., Bulycheva T. M. (2001). «Dinamika gidrologo-gidrohimicheskih harakteristik ehkosistemy Novosibirskogo vodohranilishcha», Sibirskij ehkologicheskij zhurnal. [«Dynamics of hydro-hydrochemical characteristics of the ecosystem of the Novosibirsk Reservoir», Siberian Ecological Journal], no. 2, pp. 231–236 (in Russian).
14. Savkin, V. M., Dvurechenskaya, S. Ya., Orlova, G. A., Bulycheva, T. M. (2003). «Formirovaniye gidrologo-gidrokhimicheskogo rezhima Verkhney Obi na uchastke Novosibirskogo vodokhranilishcha v usloviyakh izmeneniya prirodno-tekhnogennoy situatsii», [Formation of the hydrological-hydrochemical regime of the Upper Ob River in the area of the Novosibirsk Reservoir in conditions of changing the natural and man-made situation], Sibirskiy ekologicheskiy zhurnal, vol. 10, no .2, pp.171–179 (in Russian).
15. Vasiliev, O. F. (ed.). (2014). Mnogoletnyaya dinamika vodno-ekologicheskogo rezhima Novosibirskogo vodokhranilishcha. [Long-term dynamics of water and ecological regime of Novosibirsk reservoir]. Novosibirsk: Siberian Branch of RAS, 393 p. (in Russian).
Vardanyan M. A.WATERPROOFING OF EXPANDED PERLITE SYNTHETIC POLYMERIC MATERIALS UNDER STUDY AND ITS SORPTION PROPERTIES
Abstract
Currently, the removal of water from crude oil and petroleum products are applied once-private methods: mechanical, physical-chemical, chemical, biochemical. From the physico-chemical methods of high adsorption per cent, which is highly effective and the organization is able to provide multi-process, to remove 99.9% of mineral oil.
As sorbents are used as natural (cotton, peat, sawdust, wood chips, straw, clay, per-lite, etc.) As well as artificial and synthetic materials based on viscose, rayon, synthetic fibers, thermoplastic materials, polyurethane and others. For hydrophobization sorbents used paraffin, silicone compounds, polyethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers, and other mac-romolecular compounds.
Processing hydrophobizing materials carried by immersion in solutions or melts of the latter, by spraying on the surface, etc. The very water-repellent agent should have good adhesion to the material is evenly distributed and completely covering it, not washed out during operation and is not soluble in petroleum products.
In this paper, in order to reduce the water absorption of expanded perlite research HN capabilities hydrophobic surface synthetic polymeric materials: polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl chloride. The optimal parameters of the process of modification-ry expanded per-lite foregoing. So far, it is shown that the use of the surface activator - monochloramine-CB allows provo¬dit process hydrophobic tempe¬rature at 200C. It was found that the number of fixed-shegosya on the surface of expanded perlite polymer influence the duration of treatment, the content of the activator solution and modifier.
The sorption properties of modified perlite were studied. It is shown that the hydro-phile-Byzacena expanded perlite synthetic polymeric materials – polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl chloride can increase its sorption capacity with respect to petroleum products, on average, 20-40% and 8-20% static and dynamic conditions. At the same time higher oil intensity values exhibit samples of expanded trans-lits, hydrophobized polyvinyl acetate.
Key words: expanded perlite, water absorption, waterproofing, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, oil intensity
References: 1. Andryushin, A. I. (2009). Tekhnologicheskie modeli ochistki stochnyh vod ot plavayushchih, ehmul'girovannyh i rastvorennyh zhirov [Technological models of wastewater treatment from floating, emulsified and dissolved fats], kand. tekhn. nauk. SHCHelkovo, c. 169
2. Bellami, L. (1963). Infrakrasnye spektry slozhnyh molekul. [Infrared spectra of complex molecules] M., Nauka, s. 185
3. Vardanyan, M. A. (2001). Ochistka neftesoderzhashchih stochnyh vod sorbcionnym metodom na vspuchennom perlite i razrabotka tekhnologii [Purifica-tion of oily waste water by sorption method on expanded perlite and development of technology], kand. tekhn. nauk. Erevan, 144 c.
4. Vardanyan, M. A. (2014). «Ochistka neftesoderzhashchih vod v nasypnom fil'tre na sloe vspuchennogo perlita»[ Purification of oily waters in a bulk filter on a layer of expanded perlite]. Voda i ehkologiya: problemy i resheniya, №4, S. 40–48
5. Vardanyan, M. A., Varderesyan, G. C., Minasyan, A. SH., Tagmazyan, K. C. (2000). Poluchenie modificirovannogo vspuchennogo perli-ta i issledovanie ego maslopoglotitel'noj sposobnosti [Preparation of modified expanded perlite and in-vestigation of its oil absorption capacity]. Informacionnye tekhnologii i upravlenie. №1.pp.178¬–180.
6. Kartamysh, S. V., Perfil'ev, A. V., YUdakov, A. A., Suhoverov, S. V. (2010). «Primenenie gidrofobizirovannyh adsorbentov dlya ochistki poverhnostnyh sto-chnyh vod ot nefteproduktov» [The use of hydrophobized adsorbents for the treatment of surface sewage from oil products]. Izvestiya Samarskogo nauchnogo centra Rossijskoj akademii nauk, t.12, №1 (5), 1226–1231 s.
7. Krupa, A. A. (1988). Kompleksnaya pererabotka i ispol'zovanie perlitov.[ Complex processing and use of perlites.] Kiev: Naukova dumka, 120 s.
8. Lure, YU. YU., Rybnikova, A. I. (1974). Himicheskij analiz proizvodstvennyh sto-chnyh vod [Chemical analysis of industrial wastewater]. M.: Himiya, 334 s.
9. Sidorov, A. N. (1956). «Issledovanie svojstv poverhnosti poristyh stekol metodom IK-spektroskopii» [Investigation of surface properties of porous glasses by IR spectroscopy], ZHurnal fizicheskoj himii. Т.30, №5, pp.995–997
10. Sirotkina, E. E., Novoselova, L. YU. (2005). «Materialy dlya adsorbcionnoj ochistki vody ot nefti i nefteproduktov» [Materials for adsorption treatment of water from oil and petroleum products]. Himiya v interesah ustojchivogo razvitiya, №13, s. 359.
11. Strepetov, I. N., Moskvicheva, E. V. (2006). «Ispol'zovanie sorbentov na osnove othodov polimernyh materialov dlya ochistki stochnyh vod ot neftyanyh zagrya-znenij» [Use of sorbents on the basis of waste polymeric materials for sewage treatment from oil pollution]. Internet-vestnik VolGASU. №1, available at: http://vestnik.vgasu.ru/attachments/strepetov.pdf
12. Tarasevich, V. N. (2012). IK spektry osnovnyh klassov organicheskih soedinenij [IR spectra of the main classes of organic compounds]. M.: MGU, 54 s
13. Tarasevich, YU. I. (1981). Prirodnye sorbenty v processah ochistki vody [Natural sorbents in water purification processes.]. Kiev: Naukova dumka, 207 c.
14. Tarasevich, YU. I., Krupa, A. A., Bezorud'ko, O. V. (1981). Tekhno-logiya pro-izvodstva oleofil'nogo adsorbenta na osnove vspuchennogo perlita dlya ochistki vody ot nefti [Technology of production of oleophilic adsorbent based on expand-ed perlite for water purification from oil], Himiya i tekhnologiya vody, t.3. №2. С.23–25
15. Yudakov, A. A., Zubec, V. N. (1998). Teoriya i praktika polucheniya i primeneniya gidrofobnyh materialov [Theory and practice of obtaining and using hydrophobic materials]. Vladivostok: Dal'-nauka, 182 s.
G.Ya. DrozdSTRATEGY AND POTENTIAL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE LUGANSK REGION
Abstract
The problem of utilization of hard domestic and industrial wastes is considered in the industrial region of Donbassa. As a result of generalization of foreign experience in the field of handling wastes and comparison with existent regional terms a necessity and possibility of creation of the special industry is grounded are sectors with handlings wastes. His potential efficiency is shown both in ecological and in economic aspects: in the field of domestic wastes only 30% their volume subject a burial place, and remaining part is processed or as the second resources a to 1 milliard of roubles goes a cost back into an economic turn. In the field of industrial wastes possibility of creation of slag is lye of a build industry, based exceptionally on local industrial wastes for the production of build goods the cost of ten of milliards of roubles is shown.
Key words: hard domestic and industrial wastes, utilization, ecological safety, second raw material
References: 1. Artamonova, A. V., Voronin, K. M., (2011). Shlakoschelochnye vyazhuschie na osnove domennyh granulirovannyh shlakov centrobezhno-udarnogo izmel'cheniya [Slag-alkaline drawing based on blast-furnace granulated slag of centrifugal-impact grinding], Cement i ego primenenie, iyul'-avgust , pp.108–113.
2. Gricenko, A. V. ,Korin'ko, I. V., Turenko, A. N. (ed.) (2005). Tehnologicheskie osnovy promyshlennoj pererabotki othodov megapolisa [Technological bases of industrial processing of a waste of a megacity], Har'kov: HNADU, 340 p.
3. «Vtorichnye resursy», available at:
Cvetkova L. I., Kopina G. I., Makarova S. V., Byrashnikova T. N.ECOLOGICAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
The article is devoted to the analysis of the reasons of inefficiency of ecological education in technical universities. It is shown that the ecology and applied environmental disciplines are different objects.
Ecology is a basic discipline which must be teach regardless of the student’s education profile. Special disciplines, such as environmental protection, environmental safety, rational nature management need to be teach according to a specialty profile.
The combination of these subjects in one course leads to a decline in the quality of education.
Key words: ecological education, ecology, environmental protection, environmental safety, quality of education.
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Omelyanyuk M.V.ECOLOGICAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
Abstract
The article describes the developed technological solutions and technical means of hydrodynamic wave and reagent splitting of water intake wells aimed at increasing (restoring) production rates. The results of the implementation of these intensification methods of production in different regions of the Russian Federation are presented.
Key words: water supply well, flow rate, intensification, hydrodynamic, cavitation, vibrator, pump, acid.
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№3
WATER
Kovshov S. V., Skamyin A. N., Ivanov V. V.ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF THE BIOGAS-VERMITECHNOLOGY
In reforming the energy sector, the consumer expenses optimization problem is relevant. The percentage of renewable energy in the total electricity production will increase steadily. For the production of renewable energy, it is suggested the biogas method of recycling. Purpose: to propose a model of energy production based on the processing of industrial and agricultural wastes through biogas technology and vermitechnology. To calculate the saving effect when using the load balancing method. To enhance the electricity transmission possibilities of the system. Methods: an experimental stand was created. Biogas method and vermitechnology section were combined into one unit. It was evaluated the effect of increasing the efficiency of electricity production and the possibility of using the remaining capacity was estimated. Results: the alignment of the enterprises energy consumption graph allows to increase the efficiency of electricity production in absolute terms by 4% and relative by 12.3%. The effect is achieved due to the redistribution of the energy consumed during the day by reducing downtime of the generating capacity. It is shown that by controlling the consumption of electrical energy it is possible to reduce the intake of fossil fuels for energy generation. Practical relevance: it is expected that the new combined method of using biogas technology and vermitechnology with the aim of additional energy obtaining will significantly reduce the consumption of fossil fuels to generate electricity and increase efficiency. Furthermore, an additional product of this collaborative method of waste recycling is biohumus – a valuable organic fertilizer.
Key words: Keywords: energy performance, coefficient of efficiency, electrical load alignment, renewable energy, biogas-vermitechnology.
References:
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10. Shomin, A. A. (2002). Biogaz na sel’skom podvor’e [Biogas on a farmstead]. Balakleya: Informacionno-izdatel’skaya kompaniya «Balaklіjshchina», 68 p. (in Russian).
11. Kovshov, S. V., Skam’in, A. N. (2017). Perspektivnaya metodika polucheniya biogaza i biogumusa. Eksperimental’nyj stend [Promising methods of obtaining of biogas and vermicompost. Experimental stand]. Water and Ecology, №1, pp. 54–62 (in Russian).
12. Kolesnik, Yu. N., Ven’gin, K. A. (2006). Povyshenie ehffektivnosti upravleniya generatorami ehlektroehnergii potrebitelej v rynochnyh usloviyah funkcionirovaniya. Vestnik Gomel’skogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta im. P. O. Suhogo, № 2 (25), pp. 60–65 (in Russian).
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15. Skam’in, A. N., Bragin, A. A. (2012). Regulirovanie rezhimami ehlektropotrebleniya [Control by the power consumption modes] V sb.: Materialy IV Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii «Dostizheniya molodyh uchenyh v razvitii innovacionnyh processov v ehkonomike, nauke, obrazovanii», Bryansk: Izdatel’stvo BGTU, pp. 99–100 (in Russian).
Krivina Е. S., Tarasova N. G.THE PHYTOPLANKTON TRANSPHORMATION OF SOME TECHNOGENIC LAKES (TOLYATTI)
At present, the problem of restoration and purification of water bodies of anthropogenically transformed territories is becoming more and more urgent. In this paper the changes occurring in man-made water reservoirs after the cessation of intensive exploitation are considered. As objects of research, two significant reservoirs of the Vasilievska lakes system of the Samara region – Lake Otstoinik and lake Shlamonakopitel. The degree of transformation and its character was assessed based on the peculiarities of taxonomic rearrangements, changes in the indicators of quantitative development, the structure of the dominant complex, and the species diversity of phytoplankton for more than 20 years. The predominance of positive signs, suggested the existence of high capacity of ecosystems to self-repair, even in conditions of encumbrance of agrarno-cultural load. The results of the research can serve as a basis for the development of methods for reclamation and restoration of systems that survived the technogenic press.
Key words: phytoplankton, technogenic reserv-oirs, ecosystem transformation, eutrophication.
References:
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2. Barinova, S. S., Medvedeva, L. A. (1996). Atlas vodoroslej-indikatorov saprobnosti (Rossijskij Dal’nij Vostok) [Atlas of algae-the indicators of saprobity (Russian far East)], Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 364 p. (in Russian).
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4. Hollerbach, M. M., Kosinskaya, E. K., And Polyanskii, V. I. (1953). Sinezelenye vodorosli. Opredelitel’ presnovodnyh vodoroslej SSSR. Vyp. 2. [Blue-green algae. The key to freshwater algae of the USSR. Vol. 2.]. M: Soviet science, p. 651. (in Russian).
5. Genkal S. I. (1992). Atlas diatomovyh vodoroslej planktona reki Volgi [Atlas of diatoms of the plankton of the Volga river]. S-Pb., 128 p. (in Russian).
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7. Kiselev I. A. (1954). Opredelitel’ presnovodnyh vodoroslej SSSR. Vyp. 6. Pirofitovye vodorosli [The key to freshwater algae of the USSR. Vol. 6. Perogitive algae]. M., 212 p. (in Russian).
8. Krivina E. S., Tarasova N. (2015). Fitoplankton urbanizirovannogo vodoema (na primere oz. Vos’merka, g. Tol’jatti, Samarskaja oblast’) II. Kolichestvennoe razvitie, dominirujushhie vidy ocenka kachestva vody [Phytoplankton urbanized of the reservoir (for example oz. Eight, Tolyatti, Samara region) II. Quantitative development, the dominant species assessment of water quality] Izv. Samara scientific. center of RAS, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 203-209. (in Russian).
9. Kuzmin, G. V. (1975). Fitoplankton. Vidovoj sostav i obilie [Phytoplankton. Species composition and abundance], Methods of study of biogeocenoses of inland water bodies, Nauka, Moscow, pp. 73-87. (in Russian).
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11. Matvienko, A. M. (1954). Opredelitel’ presnovodnyh vodoroslej SSSR. Vyp. 3. Zolotistye vodorosli [The key to freshwater algae of the USSR. Vol. 3. Golden algae], Sovetskaya Nauka, Moscow, 188 p. (in Russian).
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14. Pavlova, O. A. (2000). Vidovoj sostav fitoplanktona i ocenka saprobnosti treh ozer urbanizirovannogo landshafta [Species composition of phytoplankton and assessment of saprobity of the three lakes in the urbanized landscape], Abstracts of V all-Russia conference on aquatic plants “Hydrobotanics-2000”, Borok, pp.65–66. (in Russian).
15. Pimenov, A. A. (EDS) (2012). Materialy ocenki vozdejstvija na okruzhajushhuju sredu pri realizacii namechaemoj dejatel’nosti: stroitel’stvo ochistnyh sooruzhenij smeshannogo potoka stochnyh vod predprijatij Severnogo promuzla (SPU) g. Tol’jatti v rajone regulirujushhej emkosti [The materials assess the impact on the environment during implementation of the proposed activity: construction of treatment plants mixed wastewater stream enterprises of the Northern promysla (SPU) the city of Togliatti in the area of regulatory capacity], Samara State Technical University, Samara, p. 10. (in Russian).
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18. Tarasova, N. G. (2007) Fitoplankton Verhnego pruda Botanicheskogo sada: taksonomicheskij sostav i jekologo-geograficheskaja harakteristika [Phytoplankton of the Upper pond of the Botanical garden: the taxonomic composition and ecological and geographical characteristics], Samarskaya Luka: problems of regional and global ecology, Vol. 16, No. 1–2 (19–20), pp. 156–166. (in Russian).
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Smirnov Yu.D., Suchkova M.V.A COMPLEX ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF WATERS MURINSKY CREEK
The article provides a complex assessment of the ecological condition of waters Murinsky Creek within the city of St. Petersburg. The following methods of assessment the state of water bodies were used: biotesting of water samples, hydrochemical methods of analysis (spectrophotometry, atomic emission spectrometry, liquid chromatography) and aerial monitoring. For the processing of empirical data were used mapping of the object of study. The combination of these research methods can be used for the environmental assessment of the degree of pollution of surface water bodies of different categories.
Information on the status of surface water obtained in the study can be used to focus attention on pollution problems specific water bodies and watercourses. It may bring the time of the decision to conduct necessary environment protection events.
This work was supported by the Scientific and Educational Center for the Collective Use of High-Tech Equipment "The Center for Collective Use" of the St. Petersburg Mining University, the Government of St. Petersburg and the President's Grant.
Key words: biotesting, hydrochemical methods of analysis, mapping, maximum permissible concentration, degree of contamination of water
References:
1. (2016). «Vodnyj kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii» ot 03.06.2006 N 74-FZ (red. ot 31.10.2016) [“Water Code of the Russian Federation” of 03.06.2006 N 74-FZ (as amended on October 31, 2016)] (in Russian).
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3. (2012). GOST 31867-2012 «Voda pit’evaja. Opredelenie soderzhanija anionov metodom hromatografii i kapilljarnogo jelektroforeza» [«Drinking water. Determination of anions content by ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods»] (in Russian).
4. (2012). GOST 31870-2012 «Voda pit’evaja. Opredelenie soderzhanija jelementov metodami atomnoj spektrometrii» [«Drinking water. Determination of the content of elements by atomic spectrometry»] (in Russian).
5. (2012). PND F 14.1:2:4.128-98 «Kolichestvennyj himicheskij analiz vod. Metodika izmerenij massovoj koncentracii nefteproduktov (NP) v probah prirodnyh (vkljuchaja morskie), pit’evyh i stochnyh vod fluorimetricheskim metodom na analizatore zhidkosti “FLJUORAT-02”» [«Quantitative chemical analysis of waters. Method for performing measurements of the mass concentration of petroleum products in samples of natural, drinking, waste water with a fluorimetric method on the Fluorat-02 liquid analyzer»] (in Russian).
6. (2002). PND F 14.1:2:4.182-02 (izd. 2010 goda) «Metodika izmerenij massovoj koncentracii fenolov (obshhih i letuchih) v probah prirodnyh, pit’evyh i stochnyh vod fluorimetricheskim metodom na analizatore zhidkosti “FLJUORAT-02”» [PND F 14.1:2:4.182-02 (2010 edition) “The method of measurement of the mass concentration of phenols in samples of natural, drinking and waste water with a fluorimetric method on the Fluorat-02 liquid analyzer»] (in Russian).
7. (2004). PND F T 14.1:2:4.10-2004 «Metodika opredelenija toksichnosti pit’evyh, prirodnyh i stochnyh vod, vodnyh vytjazhek iz pochv, osadkov stochnyh vod i othodov proizvodstva i potreblenija po izmeneniju opticheskoj plotnosti kul’tury vodorosli hlorella (Chlorella vulgaris Beijer)» [«Toxicological analysis methods. The method of determining the toxicity of drinking water and waste water, water extracts from soils, sewage sludge and waste of production and consumption on the change in optical density of the culture of algae (Chlorella vulgaris Beijer)»] (in Russian).
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9. (2002). RD 52.24.643-2002 «Metod kompleksnoj ocenki stepeni zagrjaznennosti poverhnostnyh vod po gidrohimicheskim pokazateljam» [«The method of integrated assessment of the degree of contamination of surface water on hydrochemical indicators»] (in Russian).
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Feofanov Yu. A., Mishukov B. G.FEATURES OF FORMATION OF SURFACE SEWAGE COMPOSITION AND SELECTION OF FACILITIES FOR THEIR PURIFICATION
This article provides information about the features of formation of surface sewage, the influence of various factors on the composition of the effluent to be allocated a combined sewage and rainwater, given the comparative characteristics of these effluents on regulatory materials and actual data for St. Petersburg and its suburbs. It is shown that the bulk of the pollution of suspended solids, oils, COD and BOD are rain sewers to surface runoff, and mineral salts - with drainage flow. An analysis of data on the work of modern sewage treatment plants surface waste waters as well as the results of studies on the effectiveness of the work of the various types of loading filters for water purification from petroleum products (foamed polyurethane, peat briquettes, graphite, aluminium silicate activated and activated carbons of different brands).The best results are obtained for the preliminary filter with foamed polyurethane boot, for second-stage filter – loading of activated aluminosilicate and sorption filters - activated carbon loading brands MAU. Based on the research, offered technological scheme of surface cleaning wastewater that achieves targeted technological indicators, in accordance with best available technology.
Key words: surface cleaning wastewater runoff, download filters, sorption filters.
References:
1. (2017). Strategiya ehkologicheskoj bezopasnosti Rossijskoj Federacii na period do 2025 goda [Strategy of ecological safety of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025]. Utverzhdena Ukazom Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 19 aprelya 2017 goda №176.
2. Ministerstvo stroitel'stva i zhilishchno-kommunal'nogo hozyajstva Rossijskoj Federacii. (2015). Metodicheskoe posobie. Rekomendacii po raschetu sistem sbora, otvedeniya i ochistki poverhnostnogo stoka selitebnyh territorij, ploshchadok predpriyatij i opredeleniyu uslovij vypuska ego v vodnye ob"ekty [Recommendations for the calculation of systems for collecting, diversion and cleaning of surface runoff of residential areas, sites of enterprises and determining the conditions for its release into water bodies]. M., 2015.146 s.
3. SPbGASU. (1994). Opredelenie kolichestva i kachestva dozhdevogo i drenazhnogo stoka Sankt-Peterburga [Determination of the quantity and quality of rainwater and drainage flow in St. Petersburg]. Otchet po NIR. SPb, SPbGASU, 25 s.
4. Federal'noe agentstvo po tekhnicheskomu regulirovaniyu i metrologiii. (2015). Ochistka stochnyh vod poselenij, gorodskih okrugov s ispol'zovaniem centralizovannyh sistem vodootvedeniya. Informacionno-tekhnicheskij spravochnik po nailuchshim dostupnym tekhnologiyam ITS 10 [Wastewater treatment of settlements, urban districts using centralized water disposal systems. Information and technical reference book on the best available technologies of ITS 10]. M.: Byuro NDT, 377 s.
5. Sergeev, V. V., Papurin, N. M., Gotovcev, A. V. (2009). Ochistka stokov s inzhenernyh sooruzhenij[Wastewater treatment from engineering facilities]. EHkologiya proizvodstva, №10, s. 66–68.
6. GNC RF OAO «NII VODGEO». (2014). Rekomendacii po raschetu sistem sbora, otvedeniya i ochistki poverhnostnogo stoka s selitebnyh territorij, ploshchadok predpriyatij i opredeleniyu uslovij vypuska ego v vodnye obekty [Recommendations for the calculation of systems for collecting, diversion and cleaning of surface runoff from residential areas, sites of enterprises and determining the conditions for its release into water bodies]. Dopolneniya k SP 32.13330.2012. M. OAO «NIIVODGEO», 91 s.
7. Alekseev, M. I., Kurganov, A. M. (2002). Organizaciya otvedeniya poverhnostnogo (dozhdevogo i talogo) stoka s urbanizirovannyh territorij [The organization of surface (rain and thawed) run-off from urbanized areas]. M.: Izd-vo Associacii stroitel'nyh vuzov, 352 s.
8. Dikarevskij, V. S., Kurganov, A. M., Nechaev, A. P., Alekseev, M. I. (1990). Otvedenie i ochistka poverhnostnyh stochnyh vod [Removal and treatment of surface wastewater]. L.: Strojizdat, 224 s.
9. Pravitel'stvo RF. (2016). Postanovlenie № 1134 «O voprosah osushchestvleniya holodnogo vodosnabzheniya i vodootvedeniya» s izmeneniyami, kotorye vnosyatsya v akty Pravitel'stva Rossijskoj Federacii v sfere vodosnabzheniya i vodootvedeniya» [Decree No. 1134 "On issues of implementation of cold water supply and sanitation" with changes that are introduced in the acts of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of water supply and sanitation"].
10. Alekseeva, I. V. (2016). Izmenenie zakonodatel'stva, reguliruyushchego sbros proizvodstvennyh stochnyh vod v vodnye ob"ekty cherez centralizovannye sistemy vodootvedeniya [Change in legislation regulating the discharge of industrial waste water into water bodies through centralized water disposal systems]. Voda Magazine, №9 (109), s.44–46.
11. Pravitel'stvo RF. (2015). Rasporyazhenie ot 08.07.2015 g. № 1316-p «O perechne zagryaznyayushchih veshchestv, v otnoshenii kotoryh primenyayutsya mery gosudarstvennogo regulirovaniya v oblasti ohrany okruzhayushchej sredy» ["On the list of pollutants subject to measures of state regulation in the field of environmental protection"].
12. Komitet po ehnergetike i inzhenernomu obespecheniyu Pravitel'stva SPb. (2012). Rasporyazhenie ot 08 noyabrya 2012 g. № 148 «Ob ustanovlenii normativov vodootvedeniya po sostavu stochnyh vod v centralizovannye sistemy vodootvedeniya Sankt-Peterburga» ["On the Establishment of Wastewater Management Norms for the Composition of Wastewater in the Centralized Sewage Systems of St. Petersburg"] .
13. GN 2.1.5.1315-03. Predel'no dopustimye koncentracii (PDK) himicheskih veshchestv v vode vodnyh ob"ektov hozyajstvenno-pit'evogo i kul'turno-bytovogo vodopol'zovaniya [Maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of chemicals in water in water bodies of domestic and drinking and cultural and domestic water use]. Gigienicheskie normativy.
14. Ministerstvo sel'skogo hozyajstva Rossijskoj Federacii. (2016). Prikaz ot 13.12.2016 № 552 «Ob utverzhdenii normativov kachestva vody vodnyh ob"ektov rybohozyajstvennogo znacheniya, v tom chisle normativov predel'no dopustimyh koncentracij vrednyh veshchestv v vodah vodnyh ob"ektov rybohozyajstvennogo znacheniya» ["On approval of water quality standards for water objects of fishery value, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the waters of water bodies of fishery importance"] (Zaregistrirovan v Minyuste Rossii 13.01.2017 № 45203)
15. Federal'nyj zakon № 219-FZ ot 21.07.2014 «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal'nyj zakon “Ob ohrane okruzhayushchej sredy” i otdel'nye zakonodatel'nye akty Rossijskoj Federacii» [Federal Law No. 219-FZ of July 21, 2014 "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On Environmental Protection "and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation."].
16. Feofanov, YU. A. (2017). Ocenka ehffektivnosti ispol'zovaniya razlichnyh sorbcionnyh materialov dlya ochistki neftesoderzhashchih vod [Assessment of the effectiveness of the use of various sorption materials for cleaning oily waters]. Voda Magazine, №5(117), s. 42–46.
17. Tomson, A. EH., Naumova, G. V. (2009). Torf i produkty ego pererabotki [Peat and products of its processing]. Minsk: Belarus. Navuka, 328 s.
18. Mishukov, B. G. (1995). Ochistka poverhnostnogo stoka [Purification of surface runoff]. Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaya tekhnika, № 9, s. 3–4.
Fokina A. I., Olkova A. S., Budina D. V. , Skugoreva S. G., Beresneva E. V. , Darovskih L. V., Zykova Yu. N.A STUDY OF THE PEAT POTENTIAL AS A SORBENT OF CU (II) AND PB (II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
We established that peat samples collected in the vicinity of Chistopol'e and Zengino villages (Kirov region, Russia) had high adsorbing and detoxing propertiep. At 20–1000 micromole/dm3 copper(II) and lead(II) ion concentration, the metals extraction (1:10 peat-to-solution ratio) proved to be 97% and higher. In all instances we managed to reduce the copper salts concentration to the levels below the maximum permissible concentration for potable water. We didn't derive any defi-nite mathematical model describing the adsorption process, however, the Freundlich equation de-scribed the obtained adsorption isotherms best. Bioassay, performed on three test subjects (Parame-cium caudatum, Ecolum biosensor, and Nostoc paludosum cyanobacteria), detected a decrease in the toxicity of copper acetate and lead acetate solutionp. Prior the purification, the solutions had pronounced toxic effect upon all the test subjectp. Upon contact of the solutions with the peat their toxicity dropped to acceptable levels in most casep. The suggested procedure, combining both the chemical and toxicological testing, could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of water purification techniquep.
Key words: peat, heavy metals, water solutions, toxicity
References:
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ECOLOGY
Smirnov E. B., Datciuk T. A., Taurit V. R.ESTIMATION OF ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF THE DESIGNED BUILDINGS
The necessity of developing a quantitative assessment of the level of ecological safety of the projected residential buildings is substantiated. A set of indicators for assessing the environmental safety of the projected residential buildings is proposed, taking into account the requirements of the normative documents in force in the Russian Federation. A methodology for assessing the ecological safety of residential buildings has been developed, based on six clusters of indicators: the external habitat (five indicators); home territory (ten indicators); architectural and construction aspects (twelve indicators); system of vital activity and energy efficiency (thirteen indicators); internal comfort (six indicators); durability and utilization (nine indicators). Using the expert method of prioritization, the importance of each cluster and each indicator of environmental safety is determined, which allows using the proposed ball scale to calculate the quantitative value of the integral index of environmental safety of the projected residential building. The clusters and the indicators included in the methodology can be supplemented and refined from the point of view of assessing the significance of each of them depending on the specific conditions and place of future construction. The proposed methodology can be used not only to improve the design process, but also to assess the environmental characteristics of the operated residential buildings.
Key words: methodology, ecological safety, rating score, residential building.
References:
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Verkhozina E. V., Verkhozina V. A., Verkhoturov V. V. , Bukin U. S, Safarov A. S.ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITY IN THE LITTORAL ZONE OF SOUTHERN LAKE BAIKAL ECOSYSTEM
Currently one of the most important problems of humanity is the contamination of natural waters by substances of anthropogenic nature, such as chemical substances and microorganisms. Analyzed the ranks of the long-term monitoring studies of bacterial strains isolated from coastal (littoral) and deep water zone (pelagic) ecosystems of lake Baikal. The analysis of the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and the presence of enzymes endonucleases (ER). It is revealed that in conditions of intensive anthropogenic pollution of intertidal zone ecosystems of lake Baikal since 2003 there is the appearance of bacterial strains resistant to many antibiotics. Analysis of the obtained results showed that antibiotic resistance in different months during one year differs significantly from each other (P_value=0.003<α). Analysis of variance of the average resistance of bacteria to antibiotics during the period under review, almost did not reveal interannual differences (P_value = 0.34<α). When calculating the pairwise correlation coefficients it was possible to divide antibiotics into three groups. The first antibiotic resistance is formed independently from each other (r ≈ 0). The second group of pairs with significant positive values of correlation coefficients (r >0), the formation of cross-resistance. The third group is a couple of antibiotics with reliable negative values of correlation coefficients (r<0). In bacterial communities increased resistance to one antibiotic was accompanied by decreased resistance to another. Also, long-term studies have established that a large variety of ER is found in bacterial strains isolated from the samples taken in places where there is anthropogenic influence. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the areas of sampling differ in the number of detectable ER (1 to 7). The more in binary the distance, the more differences in the spectrum of detectable ER. The differences on binary distance reaches up to 1 (100%), this means that ER occurring at the same point selection does not occur in the samples taken in other places. There are two pairs of sampling points, where their spectra are not different. Inside each pair of these points ER was similar, but the pairs different (binary 1 -100%). The application of statistical analysis techniques allows to identify the main regularities of changes in the microbial community of the ecosystem of lake Baikal and in the future, a comprehensive approach to solving the problem of water use.
Key words: statistical processing, cluster analysis, dispersion method, restriction endonuclease enzymes (restriction enzymes), microorganisms, Lake Baikal.
References:
1. Verhozina, E. V. (2014). Antibiotikoustojchivost’ mikrobnogo soobshhestva jekosistemy ozera Bajkal v rajone p. Listvjanka, g. Sljudjanki i g. Bajkal’ska [Antibiotic resistance of the microbial community of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal in the vicinity of Listvyanka, Slyudyanka and Baikalsk]. Bjulleten’ VSNC SO RAMN [Bulletin of the All-Union Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences], 3: 62–65.
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3. Verhozina, E. V. (2016). Primenenie dispersionnogo i korreljacionnogo metodov analiza pri issledovanii antibiotikorezistentnosti mikroorganizmov ozera Bajkal [Application of dispersion and correlation methods of analysis in the study of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms of Lake Baikal. Water: chemistry and ecology]. Voda: himija i jekologija [Water: chemistry and ecology], 12: 67–73.
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Dzhamalov R.G., Nikanorov A. M., Reshetnyak O. S, Safronova T. I.The water of the Oka River basin: chemical composition and sources of pollution
The analysis of long-term data in the hydrochemical composition of the surface and underground waters in the basin of the Oka River. Dynamics in spatio-temporal distribution of chemical components. It has been shown that the modern human impact on the conditions of formation of natural waters is the primary factor in their pollution, the characteristics of which are given on the basis of an integrated pollution index and water class. Found that the pp. Klyazma and Moscow have the highest pollution compared to other tributaries. Observed the spatial distribution of chemical ingredients of River waters is linked to rivers flow and its hydrological phases.
Key words: river run-off, groundwater, contamination, chemical ingredients, water quality, ecology.
References:
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Lozhkin V. N., Lozhkina O. V., Dobromirov V. N.FORECAST OF EXTREME AIR POLLUTION BY WATER AND ROAD TRANSPORT IN THE ZONE OF THE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES OF ST. PETERSBURG AND VLADIVOSTOK
Present paper describes the investigation of dangerous air pollution by the exhaust gases of vehicles and vessels in the areas of bridges. The excess of standard limit values of pollutants concentrations at rush hours at adverse meteorological conditions is also analyzed. Approximations of the differential equation of atmospheric diffusion, data on the climate, intensity of vessels and (or) vehicles traffic, emissions of pollutants by vessels and vehicles, parameters of the motorway, the fairway of vessels are examined. The numerical investigations are realized using certified software and GIS applications. Estimates for CO, NO2, SO2, formaldehyde, benzo(α)pyrene, soot, hydrocarbons are given. The adequacy of the model is confirmed by instrumental measurements of stationary and mobile monitoring stations. New data of extreme air pollution by vehicles in the water area the «Golden Bridge» in Vladivostok and the impact of water vessels in the air pollution on the Big Obukhov Bridge in St. Petersburg have been obtained. The maps of air pollution with priority pollutants, analysis of results, conclusions are also presented. Obviously, there is a need to equip the water transport of St. Petersburg with engines corresponding to emission standards Tier - 3, 4. The methodology may be recommended for the environmental calculation assessment of existing and planned motorway bridges.
Key words: motor transport, river vessels, pollutants emissions, numerical investigations.
References:
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Kapskij D. V., Pegin P. A., Evtyukov S. A. DEFINITION OF ECOLOGICAL LOSSES IN THE CITY FROM THE MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES
The negative impact of the work of vehicles on the environment is considered. The main reasons for increasing the level of environmental losses from the growth of motorization are given. Theoretical calculations and recommendations for the calculation of total environmental losses are presented. A new method for determining environmental losses in road traffic is proposed, which differs from existing ones in that it allows to unify the results of research. The methodology was developed at the Belarusian National Technical University. The methodology is applicable to the determination of environmental losses when driving cars on the street-road network. The method-ology is based on the study of transport load and traffic conditions. Algorithmization of the calcula-tions is accessible and simple. Calculations of losses from emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are made at the cost of damage from the volume of emissions produced and the cost of damage to human health from the given amount of emissions. Calculation of environmental losses under the new methodology is carried out according to the author's computer program, which calculates for selected sections of the road.
Key words: ecology, methodology, losses, loss calculation, traffic flow, vehicle emissions, road traffic or-ganization.
References:
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15. Pegin, P. A. (2007). Uluchshenie potrebitel'skih svojstv avtomobil'noj dorogi s uchetom solnechnogo oslepleniya voditelya. Transportnoe stroitel'stvo. № 11. s. 4-6.
16. Pegin, P. A. (2015). Ocenka vliyaniya ehffekta solnechnogo oslepleniya na propusknuyu sposobnost' avtomagistrali. Vestnik Orenburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. № 10 (129). s. 112-120.
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18. Pegin, P. A., Korchagin, V. A. (2011). Vliyanie ehffekta solnechnogo oslepleniya voditelya na proiz-voditel'nost' avtomobilya. Mir transporta i tekhnologicheskih mashin. № 2 (33). s. 76-82.
19. Pegin, P. A., Skirkovskij, S. V. (2017). Razrabotka algoritma i komp'yuternoj programmy opti-mizacii parametrov funkcionirovaniya gorodskogo marshrutizirovannogo transporta. Vestnik grazhdanskih inzhenerov. № 1 (60). s. 277-287.
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Reshetnyak O. S., Nikanorov A. M., Trofimchuk M. M., Grishanova Yu. S.ESTIMATION OF HYDROECOLOGICAL RISK IN THE OKA RIVER BASIN
The results of a hydroecological risk assessment for the population in the Oka river basin are presented. The study was carried out on the basis of analysis of long-term (2000–2015) data for the specific combinatorial index of water pollution for 29 sites on 13 rivers and statistical data on population density.
The water quality in the Oka river basin varies from the 2nd ("slightly polluted") to the 5th grade ("extremely dirty"). In general, the condition of the surface waters of the Oka Basin varies conditionally from "satisfactory" within the Tambov region, when the degree of water pollution is lowest, to "critical", in the Moscow Region, where the most polluted tributaries of the Oka flow (the Moscow and Klyazma rivers).
The hydroecological risk level is estimated as "low" or "medium" for most observation sites. The higher risk level (4th category - "very high") is typical for the most contaminated river sites in the basin: Klyazma River, Moscow River and the middle section of the Oka River within the Moscow Region.
Key words: hydroecological risk, pollution degree, river waters, the Oka river basin.
References:
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11. Nikanorov, A. M., Bryzgalo, V. A., Reshetnjak, O. S. (2012). Reki Rossii v uslovijah chrezvychajnyh jekologicheskih situacij [The rivers of Russia in the conditions of extreme environmental situations]. Rostov-on-Don: «NOC», 308 p.
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14. Reshetnjak, O. S., Grishanova, Ju. S. (2016). Mnogoletnie i sezonnye izmenenija razvitija fitoplanktona i ocenka sostojanija reki Oka v rajone g. Dzerzhinsk [Long-term and seasonal changes in the development of phytoplankton and assessment of the state of the Oka River in the vicinity of Dzerzhinsk]. Water: Chemistry and Ecology, 3: 14-21.
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Tsygankov A. V., Pronin V. A., Shpilin D. I.OPTIMIZATION OF THE DEODORIZATION PROCESS IN THE DESIGN OF LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
A mathematical model of the counter flow laminar motion of liquid and gas in a scrubber with chaotic packing of packed bodies is considered. The nozzle layer is presented in the form of a narrow channel whose dimensions depend on the specific surface area and the fraction of the free volume of the nozzle. The optimization problem is formulated allowing at the initial design stage to find the geometric and mode parameters of the absorber operation, ensuring its maximum efficiency while observing a set of design and technological limitations. It is proposed to evaluate the hydrodynamic operation mode of the nozzle in terms of the speed at the interface. As an objective function, the energy costs for the movement of fluid and air were considered. The efficiency of the solution obtained was estimated on the basis of the hydrodynamic analogy of mass and momentum transfer in the model. The testing of the model showed the dependence of the convergence of the iterative process on the domain of determining the variable variables of the objective function and the tuning parameters of the evolutionary method for solving the optimization problem.
Key words: absorber, equivalent channel, optimization, power method, hydrodynamic analogy.
References:
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13. Targ, S. M. (1951) Osnovnyie zadachi teorii laminarnyih techeniy [The main problems of the theory of laminar flows]. M.: GITTL, p. 420.
14. Uzhov, V. N. (1981). Ochistka promyishlennyih gazov ot pyili [Cleaning of industrial gases from dust]. M.: Himiya, 265 p.
15. Farahov, M. M., Laptev, A. G. (2014). Metod ekvivalentnogo kanala v modelirovanii massoperenosa v haotichnyih nasadochnyih sloyah [Equivalent channel method in modeling mass transfer in chaotic packing layers]. Fundamentalnyie issledovaniya, №9, pp. 2148–2152.
16. Tsyigankov, A. V., Pronin, V. I., Shpilin, D. I., Aleshin, A. E. (2014). Gidrodinamicheskiy raschet oroshaemoy kolonnyi s poristyimi nasadochnyimi telami [Calculation of hydrodynamics for spray tower wits porous packing]. Vestnik MAH, No 2, p. 34-36.
№4
WATER
Adamovich T. A., Skugoreva S. G., Knyazeva E. V., Ashikhmina T. Ya.THE STUDY OF THE IONIC COMPOSITION OF WATERS OF LAKES STATE NATURAL RESERVE «NURGUSH»
Results of studying of ionic composition of water of lakes of the
National natural park "Nurgush" are given: Nurgush, Krivoe, Chernoe. The obtained data demonstrate that in tests of water of the explored lakes the content of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, fluorides, ions of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen is in maximum allowable concentration limits. Excess of maximum allowable concentration is noted only for ammonium ions in June and December, 2016 in 30 % of the selected tests. During the winter period the maintenance of ions of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and chlorides in lakes considerably exceeds concentration of these ions during the spring and summer periods. For sulfates and nitrates other dynamics is revealed: in the period of a flood of 2017 of value of concentration were at 5–44 time and 1,5–2,8 times are higher, than in June and December, 2016. The following order of distribution of anions is characteristic of the explored lakes of the reserve "Nurgush": НСО3- >> SO42- > Cl- > NO3– > F-. Distribution of cations in water of lakes corresponds to a number of Са2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > К+. Water of lakes treat hydrocarbonate calcic waters. The content of the majority of the studied ions was slightly higher in the Krivoe lake in comparison with the Nurgush and Chernoe lakes.
Key words: ionic composition of water, lake, National Natural Park "Nurgush".
References: References
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2013 gg. [Seasonal changes of hydrological and hydrochemical
indicators in lakes of the kerzhenskiy state nature reserve the results of studies 2012-2013]. V: Trudy Gosudarstvennogo prirodnogo biosfernogo zapovednika «Kerzhenskiy», T. 6. Nizhniy Novgorod, pp. 65–80. (in Russian).
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vodnykh obyеktov, imeyushchikh rybokhozyaystvennoyе znacheniyе
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stolovoy, lechebno-stolovoy, prirodnoy i stochnoy vody metodom
ionnoy khromatografii [Technique of execution of measurements
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Ambrosova G. T., Matyushenko E. N., Sineeva N. V. PLACES OF DEPHOSPHORIZATION OF URBAN WASTEWATER AND EFFECT OF REMOVING PHOSPHORUS BY REAGENTS
This article describes the problem existing in the field of wastewater treatment which is associated with eutrophication of water bodies resulting from the discharge of purified wastewater with residual concentration of phosphorus. Negative consequences, including the growth of algae in water bodies used for domestic purposes, are listed. Places and causes of the most intensive allocation of phosphorus during wastewater and sludge treatment are pointed. Wastewater incoming to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has several sources of phosphorus saturation: wastewater from housing estate and industrial enterprises, sludge water of excessive activated sludge compactors or sludge water of joint compactors of raw sludge and excess activated sludge,sludge water of sludge dewatering basin of combined thickening raw sludge and excessive activated sludge, sludge water of sludge dewatering basin of washed sludge in schemes with sludge digesters and vacuum filters, as well as sludge water from sludge beds, centrifuge effluent of centrifuges and filtrate of filter presses. Comparative evaluation of reagents currently used to extract phosphorus is given, and necessary conditions for a successful crystallization process are shown. Experimental data are analyzed from the point of view of their possible application at functioning WWTPs.
Key words: eutrophication, dephosphorization, wastewater,
phosphorus, reagents.
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13. Samohin, V. N. (ed.) (1981). Kanalizaciya naselennyh mest i promyshlennyh predpriyatij. Spravochnik proektirovshchika [Sewage of populated places and industrial enterprises. Directory of designer], Stroyizdat Publ., Moscow, 639 p. (in Russian)
14. Sapon, Е. G., Marcul, V. N. (2015), Issledovanie ochistki stochnyh vod ot fosfatov materialami, poluchennymi iz prirodnogo syr’ya i othodov [Study of waste waters from phosphate materials obtained from natural raw materials and waste]. Trudy BGTU, no.3, pp. 20–28. (in Russian)
15. Ambrosova, G. T., Matyushenko, E. N. Gavrilenko, K. P., Nemshilova, М. Y.,Razgonyaeva, К. А., Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin) (2016), Sposob ochistki stochnoj zhidkosti ot fosfatov i sul’fatov, [Method of phosphates and sulfates removal from wastewater], Invention. Utility model, vol. 22, Moscow, RU, no. 2593877. (in Russian)
Dzhamalov R. G., Myagkova K. G., Nikanorov A. M., Reshetnyak O. S., Safronova T. I., Trofimchuk M. M.HYDROCHEMICAL RUNOFF OF THE OKA BASIN’S RIVERS
Abstract:
The dynamics change and the direction of natural-anthropogenic hydrochemical processes are considered. A spatio-temporal analysis of the distribution of major sources of pollution and the influence of basic chemical indicators on the quality of the natural waters of the Oka basin has been performed. Maps of the distribution of critical indicators of water pollution by area of the basin are presented, as well as the area distribution of the specific combinatorial index of water pollution at different time intervals. The indicators of the quality of the Oka river waters and their dynamics for 1990–2015 are given.
Key words: river run-off, groundwater, contamination, chemical
ingredients, water quality, ecology
References:
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2. (2010). Skhema kompleksnogo ispol’zovaniya i ohrany vodnyh ob`ektov bassejna reki Oka [Scheme of integrated use and protection of water bodies in the Oka river basin]. Moskva: Moskovsko-Okskoe BVU, 152 p.
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5. Geologo-gidrogeologicheskie usloviya Ryazanskoj oblasti [Geological and hydrogeological conditions of the Ryazan region]. URL: http://geocentr-msk.ru/content/view/191 (accessed on 25.08.2016).
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7. Dzhamalov, R. G. (red.) (2015). Atlas vozobnovlyaemyh vodnyh resursov Evropejskoj chasti Rossii [Atlas of renewable water resources in the European part of Russia]. M.:IVP RAN, 96 p.
8. Dzhamalov, R. G. (red.) (2015). Sovremennye resursy podzemnyh i poverhnostnyh vod Evropejskoj chasti Rossii [Modern resources of underground and surface waters of the European part of Russia]. M.:GEOS, 320 p.
9. Dzhamalov, R. G., Frolova, N. L. (2015). Osobennosti formirovaniya sovremennyh resursov podzemnyh vod evropejskoj chasti Rossii [Features of the formation of modern groundwater resources of the European part of Russia]. Vodnye resursy, vol. 42, № 5, pp. 457–466.
10. Nikanorov, A. M. (2011). Regional’naya gidrohimiya .[Regional hydrochemistry]. Rostov-n/D: Izd-vo «NOK», 388 p.
11. Nikanorov, A. M. (2015). Fundamental’nye i prikladnye problemy gidrohimii i gidroehkologii [Fundamental and applied problems of hydrochemistry and hydroecology]. Rostov-n/D: Izdvo YUFU, 735 p.
12. Nikanorov, A. M., Minina, L. I. (2016). Dinamika kachestva poverhnostnyh vod krupnyh rechnyh bassejnov Rossijskoj Federacii [The dynamics of the quality of surface water in large river basins of the Russian Federation]. Rostov-n/D: Izd-vo GHI. 294 p.
13. Reshetnyak, O. S., Nikanorov A. M., Trofimchuk M. M., Grishanova YU. S. (2017). Ocenka gidroehkologicheskogo riska v bassejne reki Oka [Assessment of hydroecological risk in the Oka river basin]. Voda i ehkologiya: problemy i resheniya, №3. pp. 158–170.
14. (2017). Doklad ob osobennostyah klimata na territorii Rossijskoj Federacii za 2016 god [Report on the peculiarities of climate on the territory of the Russian Federation for 2016]. Moskva, 70 p.
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Kim A. N., Mikhailov A. V.URBAN STORMWATER TREATMENT ON LOCAL PASSIVE SYSTEMS
Technical aspects of water disposal and mechanical of stormwater
from the urbanized territories are considered. The main features of
stormwater treatment in urban areas with a high density of building
are considered. The analysis is given to a way of passive mechanical
treatment of stormwater a with pretreatment (gravity separation)
and a filtration on the peat filtering material. Devices and structural
elements of the passive treatment systems of stormwater installed
on sewer networks of water disposal are given. Passive mechanical
treatment systems are well scaled that does them by the ideal choice
for the distributed city infrastructure models. In the treatment
process joins owners of territories that increases their responsibility
for environmental protection, and reduces load of local budgets.
For the last 15 years more than 1000 passive stormwater treatment
systems in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov
regions, in the Karelia Republic are brought into operation.
Key words: stormwater, passive mechanical treatment system, peat
filtering media, suspended solids, hydrocarbons
References: 1. (2000). GOST 3634-99. Lyuki smotrovyh kolodcev i dozhdepriemniki livnestochnyh kolodcev. Tekhnicheskie usloviya [Hatches of manholes and rainwater drainage wells. Technical conditions]. M.: GUP CPP, 23 p. 2. (2013). The Stormwater Management StormFilter. Dostupno po ssylke: http://www.conteches.com/products/stormwatermanagement/treatment/stormwater-management-stormfilter. 3. Dierkes, C., Göbel, P., Coldewey (2006). “Passive Filter – Sustainable BMP for Permanent Stormwater Treatment of Heavy Metals, Nutrients, Hydrocarbons and Sediment”. Available at: https://www.wateronline.com/doc/passive-filter-permanentstormwater-treatment-0002. 4. Barinov, A. M., Barinov, M. Yu. (2016). Optimizaciya rezhimov raboty i uluchshenie rezhimov ehkspluatacii ochistnyh sooruzhenij poverhnostnogo stoka [Optimization of operating modes and improvement of operating conditions for surface runoff treatment facilities]. Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaya tekhnika, № 4, pp. 53–57. 5. Grafova, E. O., Ayukaev, R. I., Venicianov, E. V. (2012). Matematicheskoe modelirovanie i raschet mnogoslojnyh fil’trov maloj tolshchiny dlya sorbcionnoj ochistki poverhnostnogo stoka s zagorodnyh uchastkov avtomagistralej [Mathematical modeling and calculation of low-thickness multilayer filters for sorption cleaning of surface runoff from suburban motorway sections]. Uchenye zapiski PetrGU, №8, pp. 7–82. 6. Danilovich, D. A., Serpokrylov, N. S. (2015). Principial’nye polozheniya koncepcii spravochnika po nailuchshim dostupnym tekhnologiyam «Ochistka stochnyh vod s ispol’zovaniem centralizovannyh sistem vodootvedeniya poselenij, gorodskih okrugov» [Principles of the concept of the handbook on best available technologies “Wastewater treatment using centralized drainage systems of settlements, urban districts”]. Inzhenernostroitel’nyj vestnik Prikaspiya, № 2 (12), pp. 50–54. 7. Dikarevskij, V. S., Kurganov, A. M. (1990). Otvedenie i ochistka poverhnostnyh stochnyh vod [Removal and treatment of surface wastewater]. L.: Strojizdat, 224 p. 8. Kim, A. N., Davydova, E. V., Polyanskaya, D. I. (2016a). Otvedenie i ochistka poverhnostnogo stoka v Astrahani: sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektiva razvitiya [The diversion and purification of surface runoff in Astrakhan: the current state and the prospect of development.]. Vestnik SGASU. Gradostroitel’stvo i arhitektura, № 2, pp. 31–35. 9. Kim, A. N., Mihajlov, A. V., Grafova, E. O. (2017). Tekhnicheskie aspekty poverhnostnogo stoka s urbanizirovannyh territorij [Technical aspects of surface runoff from urban areas]. SPb.: SPbGASU, 200 p. 10. Kim, A. N., Mihajlov, A. V., Prodous, O. A. (2015). Fil’tr s torfyanoj zagruzkoj [Filter with peat load]. Patent RU № 154656. 11. Kim, A. N., Mihajlov, A. V., Prodous, O. A. (2016). Ustrojstvo dlya ochistki stochnyh vod, ustanavlivaemoe v kanalizacionnom kolodce [Device for wastewater treatment installed in a sewage well]. Patent RU № 2583177. 12. Manujlov, M. M., Moskovkin, V. M. (2016). Vliyanie poverhnostnogo stoka (dozhdevyh i talyh vod) na ehkologicheskuyu i tekhnogennuyu situaciyu v gorodah [Influence of surface run-off (rain and meltwater) on the ecological and technogenic situation in cities]. Water and Ecology, № 2, pp. 35–47. 13. Menshutin, Yu. A., Vereshchagina, L. M., Kerni, A. S.. (2015). Rekomendacii po raschetu sistem sbora, otvedeniya i ochistki poverhnostnogo stoka s selitebnyh territorij, ploshchadok predpriyatij i opredeleniyu uslovij vypuska ego v vodnye ob»ekty [Recommendations for the calculation of systems for collecting, diversion and cleaning of surface runoff from residential areas, sites of enterprises and determining the conditions for its release into water bodies]. M.: VNIIVODGEO, 146 s. 14. Minprirody Rossii (2016). Gosudarstvennyj doklad «O sostoyanii i ob ohrane okruzhayushchej sredy Rossijskoj Federacii v 2015 godu» [State report «On the state and on the protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015».]. M.: NIAPriroda, 639 s. 15. Mihajlov, A. V. (red.) (2014). Vodootvedenie i ochistka poverhnostnogo stoka na torfyanyh fil’trah [Wastewater removal and treatment of surface runoff on peat filters:]. SPb.: «Izd. OOO «Sborka», 138 s. 16. Pravitel’stvo Sankt-Peterburga (2013). Postanovlenie ot 11 dekabrya 2013 goda № 989 «Osnovnye polozheniya skhemy vodosnabzheniya i vodootvedeniya Sankt-Peterburga na period do 2025 goda s uchetom perspektivy do 2030 goda» [The main provisions of the scheme of water supply and sanitation in St. Petersburg for the period until 2025, taking into account the prospects until 2030]. Available at: https://gov.spb.ru/law?d&nd=8 22402702&prevDoc=537980606 17. Probirskij, M. D., Rublevskaya, O. N., Kim, A. N., Ivanenko, I. I. (2015). Perspektivy otvedeniya i ochistki poverhnostnogo stoka v Sankt-Peterburge [Prospects for the diversion and cleaning of surface runoff in St. Petersburg]. Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaya tekhnika, № 6, pp. 32–40. 18. Rublevskaya, O. N., Leonov, L. V., Mishukov, B. G. (2013). Ocenka raskhoda i sostava stochnyh vod v Sankt-Peterburge [Assessment of wastewater consumption and composition in St. Petersburg]. Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaya tekhnika, №9, p. 60. 19. Rublevskaya, O. N., Mihajlov, A. V., Kim, A. N., Prodous, O. A. (2014). Primenenie torfyanyh fil’trov v lokal’nyh ochistnyh sooruzheniyah [Application of peat filters in local treatment facilities] Innovacionnye sistemy otvedeniya i ochistki poverhnostnyh stokov s urbanizirovannyh territorij. Mater. mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. Petrozavodsk: Svoe izdatel’stvo, pp. 45–52. 20. Tomson, A. E. Naumova, G. V. (2009). Torf i produkty ego pererabotki [Peat and products of its processing]. Minsk : Belarus. navuka, 328 p. 21. Feofanov, YU. A., Mishukov, B. G. (2017). Osobennosti formirovaniya sostava poverhnostnyh stochnyh vod i vybor sooruzhenij po ih ochistke [features of formation of surface sewage composition and selection of facilities for their purification]. Water and Ecology, №3, pp. 49–66. 22. Franks, C. A., Davis, A. P., Aydilek, A. H. (2011). Geosynthetic Filters for Water Quality Improvement of Urban Stormwater Runoff. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, WEFTEC 2010: Session 41 through Session 50, pp. 2944–2953. 23. Galavotti, H. (2016). Summary of State Stormwater Standards. Dostupno po ssylke: http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/ npdes/stormwater/upload/sw_state_summary_standards.pdf
Nikolaeva L. A., Kotlyar M. N., Hamzina D. A.THE ELIMINATION OF OIL SPILLS FROM WATER SURFACES BY NEW HYDROPHOBIC MATERIAL
The article presents laboratory and experimental studies in natural
conditions for the liquidation of oil spills with a new hydrophobic
sorption material made on the basis of powdered carbonate sludge.
At HPS, sludge is formed by liming and coagulation of natural water
in clarifiers. Carbonate sludge is a waste of chemical naturalwater
treatment atenergy sector. The sorption materials allow at the minimum costs, to maximally eliminate the consequences of oil spills and oil products in the water areas and to avoid environmental catastrophe. To this materials a number of requirements are met: hydrophobicity, high oil content, buoyancy, ability to retain oil when removing the sorbent from the water area, opportunity of utilization or biodegradability, resistance to degradation in the aquatic environment, the possibility of multiple regeneration, ease of operation, efficiency of operation over a wide range of temperatures, non-toxicity, reasonable (optimal) cost. The obtainedmaterial has these requirements. The technical characteristics of the sorption material, the oil capacity, the express quality control of the water extract of the developed granular adsorbent for acute lethal toxicity for crustaceans of the species Daphnia Magna Str. And fishes of the Poecillia Reticulata Pet., the way of utilization of the oliy sorbent are presented.
Key words: hydrophobic sorption material, oil spills and oil products, outdoor pong, oil spill scheme, biotesting, secondary pollution
References: 1. Van Hamme, JD, Singh, A, Ward, OP (2006), “Physiological
aspects. Part 1 in series of papers devoted to biosurfactants in
microbiology and biotechnology”, Biotechnology Advance, vol.
24, pp. 604–620.
2. Vishnyakov, D., Novoselov, A., Avramenko, A., Zagvozdkin,
V., Zaikin, I. (2005), Ekonomicheskiy analiz metodov likvidatsii
posledstviy avariynyih razlivov nefti [Economic analysis of
methods of liquidation of consequences of oil spills], Ecology and
Industry of Russia, June, pp. 42 – 45 (in Russian).
3. Patin, S. (2008), Neftyanyie razlivyi i ih vozdeystviya na
morskuyu sredu i bioresursyi [Oil spills and their effects on the
marine environment and bioresources], Moscow, VNIRO, p. 508
(in Russian).
4. Vorobiev, Yu., Akimov, V., Sokolov, Yu. (2005).
Preduprezhdenie I likvidatsiya avariynyih razlivov nefti I
nefteproduktov [Prevention and liquidation of oil spills and oil
products], Moscow, In Octavo, p. 368 (in Russian).
5. Kamenshchikov, F., Bogomolny, E. (2006), Udalenie
nefteproduktov s vodnoy poverhnosti i grunta [Removal of oil
products from the water surface and soil]. Moscow, Institute for
Computer Research, p. 528 (in Russian).
6. Nikolaeva, L., Golubchikov, M., Zakharova, S. (2012),
Izuchenie sorbtsionnyih svoystv shlama osvetliteley pr iochistke
stochnyih vod TES ot nefteproduktov [Study of the sorption
properties of clarifier sludge during the treatment of waste water
from TPPs from oil products], IzvestiyaVUZov Problems of energy,
no.9-10, pp. 86-91 (in Russian).
7. Nikolaeva, L., Golubchikov, M., Zakharova, S. (2012),
Granulirovannyie gidrofobnyie adsorbenty I na osnove karbonatnogo
shlamaosvetliteley HVO KTETs-1 dlya doochistki stochnyih vod
ot nefteproduktov [Granulated hydrophobic adsorbents based on
carbonate sludge of HVO clarifiers KTETS-1 for post-treatment
of sewage from oil products], Energy saving and water treatment,
no.4, pp. 24–30 (in Russian).
8. Nikolaeva, L., Laptev, A., Golubchikov, M. (2015). Ochistka
stochnih vod promishlenich predpriatii ot neftianihproduktov s
ispolzovaniem granulirovanogo sorbsionogo sorbenta [Purification
of industrial enterprises wastewater from petroleum products using
new granular hydrophobic sorbents]. Nature, Environment and
Pollution Technology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 685–690.
9. Palyutin, F., Baburina, V., Romakhin, A. (2006). Primenenie
kremniyorganicheskoy zhidkosti «Silor» v neftedobyivayuschey
promyishlennosti [The use of silicone fluid “Silor” in the oil
industry], Bulletin of Kazan Technological University. no.2,
pp.114–116 (in Russian).
10. Postanovlenie Pravitelstva RF from 15.04.2002 no.240.
O poryadke organizatsii meropriyatiy po preduprezhdeniyu I
likvidatsii razlivov nefti I nefteproduktov na territorii Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation
№240 of April 15, 2002. On the procedure for organizing measures
to prevent and eliminate oil and oil product spills in the territory
of the Russian Federation]. Available at: http://www.consultant.ru/
document/cons_doc_LAW_36284/.
11. Postanovlenie Pravitelstva RF ot 21.08.2000 №613. O
neotlozhnyih merah po preduprezhdeniyu I likvidatsii razlivov
nefti I nefteproduktov [Decree of the Government of the Russian
Federation of August 21, 2000 №613. On Urgent Measures for the
Prevention and Elimination of Oil and Oil Products Spills]. Available
at http://www.mchs.gov.ru/document/4312461) (in Russian).
12. Prikaz MChS Rossii ot 28.12.2004 №621. Ob utverzhdenii
Pravil razrabotki I soglasovaniya planov po preduprezhdeniyu I
likvidatsii razlivov nefti I nefteproduktov na territorii Rossiyskoy
Federatsii [The order of the Ministry of Emergency Measures of
Russia from 28.12.2004 No.621. About the statement of Rules
of development and the coordination of plans on the prevention
and liquidation of floods of oil and mineral oil in territory of the
Russian Federation]. Available at:http://www.mchs.gov.ru/law/
Normativno_pravovie_akti_Ministerstva/item/5380568.
13. Teplykh, S. (ed.) (2012). Vliyanie poverhnostnogo stoka s
putey na vodnyie ob’ekty [Influence of surface runoff from paths
to water objects]. Path and track economy: popular scientific and
industrial journal, 2012, no.5, pp. 27–29 (in Russian).
14. Sirotkina, E., Novoselova, L. (2005), Polipropilenovyie
voloknistyie materialyi dlya sorbtsii nefti I nefteproduktov s
poverhnosti vody [Polypropylene fibrous materials for the sorption
of oil and oil products from the surface of water], Environmental
Protection in the Oil and Gas Complex, no.10, pp.14–21 (in
Russian).
15. Shkolnikova, V. (ed.) (2010). Goryuchie, smazochnyie
materialyi: Entsiklopedicheskiy tolkovyiy slovar-spravochnik
[Flammable, lubricating materials: Encyclopaedic explanatory
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Shachneva E.Yu.APPLICATION OF AK-631 FLOCULANTS FOR FLOCULATING CLEANING OF SEWAGE WATER OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
The main characteristics of one of the most effective physicochemical methods for purifi-cation of industrial sewage with the use of high-molecular flocculants, allowing to remove pollu-tants,
such as heavy metals, from industrial wastewater are presented in
the article. The article also provides a description of the described
method of investigation, describes the main classes of reagents,
presents the mechanism of action of substances.
The results of studies of the application of anionic flocculants of
the AK-631 series (A-1510, A-930) for flocculation of wastewater
from industrial enterprises of various fields of activity are presented.
Flocculation of disperse systems by polyelectrolytes is described.
The values of turbidity, chromaticity, and flocculation activity
of the reagents under consideration were determined. Graphic
dependencies of the turbidity, chromaticity and flocculation activity
on the volume of the reagent are given. The values of the percentage
of the clarified part with the use of anionic flocculants are calculated.
The results of cleaning model wastewater solutions of industrial
production from heavy metal ions, such as iron and zinc, on the
basis of the trial flocculation method are considered.
The disclosed method allows to remove up to 98% of impurities,
which allows one to con-clude that the purification process is
effective with the use of the high-molecular polymers under
consideration. The results of the research will allow to minimize
costs, increase the efficiency, reliability and stability of the treatment
facilities, improve the quality of water from surface water sources
by reducing the reduction of the discharged pollutants with sewage.
Key words: sewage, purification, trial flocculation method, flocculant, turbidity, color, floc-culating effect, reagent activity, percentage of clarified part, iron, zinc
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anionic polymer as flocculants. Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science, 267(2), 343-351.
18. Myagchenkov, V. A. (2000). Kinetics of the flocculation of
ocher suspension in aqueous salt (NaCl) media under the action of
polyacrylamide and its mixtures with poly(ethylene oxide). Zhurnal
Prikladnoi Khimii (Sankt-Peterburg, Russian Federation), 73(12),
2030-2035.
19. Kurenkov, V. F. (1990). Intensification of treatment of
electroplating wastewater by polyacrylamide flocculants. Khimiya i
Tekhnologiya Vody, 12(9), 822-5.
20. Myagchenkov, V. A. (1990). Characteristics of flocculation
of ocher and kaolin suspensions under simultaneous addition of
anionic and cationic polyacrylamide flocculants. Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Khimiya i Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya,
33(2), 53-6.
21. Kurenkov, V. F. (1984). The influence of chemical
inhomogeneity of a flocculant (copolymer of acrylamide with
sodium acrylate) on the rate of sedimentation of an ocher suspension.
European Polymer Journal, 20(8), 779-82.
ECOLOGY
Vajtens A. G. Lisovskij V. G., Kurbatov Yu. I.FEATURES AND INFLUENCE OF WATER RESOURCES OF THE NORTHWEST OF RUSSIA ON ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS AT DESIGNING OF HYDROPOWER STATIONS
This article is devoted to the history of the measures, connected
with rational use of the water resources of the North-West of
Russia in the first years after Revolution of 1917. The information
about the designing of the hydro-electric power stations on the
rivers Swir and Volhow by the Russian architects V. Pokrowsky, O.
Munz, A. Dmitriev is presented. The personal contribution of the
architect O.Munz to the design of the Volhow hydro-power station
is regarded in this article.
The questions, connected with the ecology of the construction of
this hydro-power station and the use of the water resuorces there,
are also regarded in this article.
Key words: the use of water resources, architecture, first Soviet
hydro-power stations, the versions of architectural designs, the
questions of ecology.
Vasilijev V. F.ECOLOGICAL INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WITH AERATION ON AIR QUALITY OF CITIES
An estimation of the influence of industrial buildings with aeration
on air quality of industrial sites and cities is considered. The air
environment of an industrial site is considered as a single dynamic
system with the air environment of a production building. The
object of a study is a production building with a complex profile
with open aeration openings - a blocked oxygen-converter shop,
saturated with technological lines, built-in premises, multi-site
platforms. The regularities of the distribution of the released hazards with aeration flows in the building and on the industrial site during the flow around the building by the wind flow are investigated.
The test data of building models in a volumetric hydraulic tray are
given. Various roof inclinations have been investigated over the
separation of continuous casting of steel: "small-inclined", "with
fracture", "steeply inclined". A qualitative picture of flow around
the building with flow, as well as aeration flows in the shop, with
various space-planning solutions of the workshop are obtained. A
distinction between the nature of air flow around the building with
aeration openings and lanterns from buildings with impenetrable
fences is made. Steady aeration flows, formed under the influence
of wind in the interlocked shop, are revealed. Simulation results in
a volumetric hydraulic tray might be used to evaluate the results of
numerical simulation in the environmental assessment of the impact
of industrial buildings with aeration on urban air quality
Key words: air quality, aerodynamics of industrial buildings,
aeration.
References: 1. Dacyuk, T.A. (2009). Inzhenernye aspekty ehnergosberezheniya
zdanij. ACADEMIA, № 5, pp. 326–328.
2. Datciuk, T. (2016). Forecasting of ecological situation in course
of buildings’ design. Architecture and Engineering, 1(2), pp. 19–22.
Available at: http://aej.spbgasu.ru/index.php/AE/article/view/12
3. Dacyuk, T.A., Vasil’ev, V.F., Deryugin, V.V., Ivlev, YU.P. (2005).
Novaya tekhnologiya proektirovaniya sistem obespecheniya
mikroklimata zdanij. Vestnik grazhdanskih inzhenerov, №3(4), pp.
57–62.
4. Dacyuk, T.A., Vasil’ev, V.F., Deryugin, V.V., Ivlev, YU.P. (2012).
Raschet aehracii cekhov s teplogazovydeleniyami. Santekhnika,
otoplenie, kondicionirovanie, № 1 (121), pp. 122–125.
5. Dacyuk, T.A., Deryugin, V.V., Vasil’ev, V.F., Ivlev, YU.P. (2003).
Analiz rezul’tatov fiziko-matematicheskogo modelirovaniya pri
reshenii zadach promyshlennoj ventilyacii i ohrany atmosfery.
Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Stroitel’stvo, № 9, pp. 95–
99.
6. Dacyuk, T.A., Vasil’ev, V.F., Ivlev YU.P. (2004). Fizikomatematicheskoe
modelirovanie processov ventilyacii i rasseivaniya
vybrosov v atmosfere. Aktual’nye problemy sovremennogo
stroitel’stva. 56-ya Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-tekhnicheskaya
konferenciya molodyh uchenyh. Sbornik dokladov. CH. II.
SPbGASU. SPb. s. 217-219.
7. Konstantinova, Z.I. (1981). Zashchita vozdushnogo bassejna ot
promyshlennyh vybrosov. M.: Strojizdat, s. 104.
8. Ministerstvo regional’nogo razvitiya Rossijskoj Federacii,
(2011). Proizvodstvennye zdaniya. SP 56.13330.2011. Moskva:
Minregion Rossii.
9. Minprirody Rossii, (2016). Gosudarstvennyj doklad «O
sostoyanii i ob ohrane okruzhayushchej sredy Rossijskoj Federacii
v 2015 godu». M.: NIA-Priroda, s. 639.
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L.V. (1980). Provetrivanie promyshlennyh ploshchadok i
prilegayushchih k nim territorij. M:. Strojizdat, s. 200.
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aehrodinamika. Vestnik MGSU. T. 12. № 6 (105), s.
602-609.
12. Poddaeva, O.I., Kubenin, A.S., CHurin, P.S. (2015).
Arhitekturno-stroitel’naya aehrodinamika. M.: NIU MGSU, s. 88.
13. Polyakov, V.V., Latyshenkov, M.A. (1970). Issledovanie
aehrodinamiki v ob»emnom gidravlicheskom lotke. Voprosy
teplovlazhnostnogo i vozdushnogo rezhimov kondicionirovaniya
mikroklimata, №68. M.: Moskovskij inzhenerno-stroitel’nyj
institut, s. 95-100.
14. Polushkin, V.I., Vasil’ev, V.F., Titova, A.I. (2009). Ventilyaciya
cekhov s vysokim teplonapryazheniem vnutrennego ob»ema.
Vestnik MANEHB. Periodicheskij teoreticheskij i nauchnoprakticheskij
zhurnal. T. 14, № 1, SPb. s. 47 – 52.
15. Retter, EH.I. (1984). Arhitekturno-stroitel’naya aehrodinamika.
M.: Strojizdat, s. 294.
16. Samsonov, V.T. (2016). Provetrivanie promyshlennyh
ploshchadok: Aehrodinamicheskie raschety pri proektirovanii
ventilyacionnyh vybrosov. M.: Infra-M, s. 172.
17. Serebrovskij, F.L. (1985). Aehraciya naselennyh mest. M.:
Strojizdat, s. 172.
Sementsov S.V., Akhmedova E. A., Volkov V. I.RIVERS AND CANALS AS THE MAIN PUBLIC SPACES OF TOWN-PLANNING COMPOSITIONS AND FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE LARGEST CITIES
On the example of the parallel consideration of urban planning and
planning development of St. Petersburg and Samara in the XVIIIXX
centuries. various variants of the inclusion of water spaces
in urban development systems and their urban centers are shown
(Samara - with the cape location of the prototype and its linear
development along one bank of the Volga River, St. Petersburg -
originally by the method of multislot development around the main
Neva area), creating special composite and functional solutions.
Key words: Samara, St. Petersburg, town planning and planning
development, water areas.
References: 1. Balzannikov, M. I., Rodionov, M. V. (2013). Extending the
Operating life of low Embankment Dams in Russia. International
Journal on Hydropower and Dams. T.20. №6. pp. 60–63
2. Bulatov, G., Ibraeva, Y., Tarasevskii, P. (2016). Computing
values of crack characteristics on earth dam. Procedia Engineering,
T.165, pp.1611–1618
3. Sementsov, S., Lavrov, L. (2015). Flood risk in Saint
Petersburg. Russia: history and modern times. Civil Engineering.
Special issue. Vol. 168. IssueCE5, pp. 3–16.
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nernogo iskusstva v Rossii. CH. III: Karty, plany i chertezhi.
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zaseleniya Samarskogo kraya. Samara, 228 s.
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nie promyshlennyh territorij goroda Samary. Nauchnoe obo-
zrenie, №6, cc. 49–55.
7. Sapozhnikova, I. V. (2008). Arhitekturnaya ehnciklopediya
gubernskogo goroda Samary. Samara: Izd. dom «Agni», 272 s.
8. Ahmedova, E. A., Gnilomedov, A. S. (2014). Rabochie po-
selki sovetskoj industrializacii i ih rol' v razvitii ar-
hitekturno-planirovochnoj sistemy g. Kujbysheva (Samary).
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9. Gel'fond, A. L., Ahmedova, E. A. (2015). Formirovanie
arhitekturno-prostranstvennoj struktury volzhskih nabe-
rezhnyh na primere Nizhnego Novgoroda i Samary. Arhitektu-
ra i stroitel'stvo Rossii, №7, ss. 2–15.
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tel'naya koncepciya vklyucheniya pojmennyh territorij reki Sa-
mary v funkcional'no-planirovochnuyu strukturu megapolisa.
V sbornike: Tradicii i innovacii v stroitel'stve i arhitek-
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Kriga, 412 s.
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tie Sankt-Peterburga v XVIII veke. SPb.: SPbGASU, 524 s.
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plan razvitiya Leningrada. L., 412 c.
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tah. XX vek. SPb.: Severo-Zapadnyj Kartograficheskij Centr,
424 s.
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XVIII – mid XX centuries a regular agglomeration of St. Petersburg
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Temnov V. G., Rusanov G. E., Gelfond A. L., Bolotin S. A.ECOLOGY AND ARCHITECTONICS CONSTRUCTION OBJECTS OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL
This article discusses the issues related to technologies for creating
energy efficient and environmentally safe object construction in
modern urban areas.
Weakly affected urban areas and the interests of people for the
humanization of their living environment from the perspective of
ecology.
The man plays the role of a Builder, had created an unbalanced
mechanism of production of objects of urban development, when
their construction is certainly better organized than the rest of the
life processes, especially the process of their disposal. As a result,
began accumulating mountains of waste associated with end-ofurban
areas. Arouse an environmental problem!
If a modern builder more diligently studied nature, he hardly would
have created such an unbalanced mechanism of production of modern
construction sites. In addition, the active use of the experience of
nature would allow him to obtain effective, environmentally friendly
architectural and structural systems of buildings and structures.
It is proposed to use the tools of environmental engineering,
principles and regularities of architectural bionics in the practice of
design and construction of urban development compatible with the
natural environment.
Key words: environment, architectural bionics, mathematical model
optimization, the bearing capacity design, computer-aided design
(CAD), energy efficient design, energy efficient building, ecological
architecture, energy-active buildings
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system of higher education. SB-K]. papers number 2.- SPb.: Nevsky
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region.SB-K materials U -th international conference «Environment
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MANEB. 304s.
8.Shevtsov, K. K. (1994).Protection of the natural environment
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engineering.-M.: Vyssh. SHK. 447 S.: ill.
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Stroyizdat. 260C.:Il.
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development based on bionic principle transtorno - polygon
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conference on April 16-17, 2001. «Post-Soviet urban
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Koronkevich N. I., Dolgov S. V.THE RUNOFF FROM A WATERSHED AS A SOURCE OF DIFFUSE RIVER POLLUTION
The formation of diffuse pollution in the catchment areas of rivers
and water bodies mainly by surface overland flow is considered. It
is shown that in comparison with the time of normal annual runoff
calculations by K. P. Voskresensky (1962) the surface overland
flow during the flood period decreased currently from 2 times in
the northern forest-steppe of the Russian European part to more
than 10 times in the southern part of the steppe zone, mainly due
to changes in climatic conditions. If not for the reduction in the
area of autumn ploughing, characterized by low surface overland
flow, this reduction would be even greater. In addition to that the
ground overland flow increased during the warm period of the
year. Accordingly, the share of warm season in diffuse pollution of
rivers and reservoirs increased largely due to contaminated slope
groundwater inflow.
Key words: diffuse pollution, catchment area, slope, drainage
network, surface and ground overland flow
References: 1. Barabanov A.T., Kachkar’ M.N. (2002) Samoreguliruyushchaya i
protivoehrozionnaya rol’ razlichnyh agrofonov v Nizhnem Povolzh’e
[Self-regulatory and anti-erosion role of various agrophones in the
Lower Volga Region]. In: Sovremennye problemy zemledeliya i
ehkologii. Kursk, pp. 126–131.
2. Barabanov A.T., Panov V.I. (2012). K voprosu o prognoze
poverhnostnogo stoka talyh vod v lesostepnoj i stepnoj zonah [On
the issue of the forecast of the meltwater surface runoff in the foreststeppe
and steppe zones]. Aridnye ehkosistemy. V. 18. № 4 (53).
pp. 22–27.
3. Shiklomanov I. (ed.) (2008). Vodnye resursy Rossii i ih
ispol’zovanie [Water resources of Russia and their use] SPb: GGI,
598 p.
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stok: metodika issledovanij i raschety [The influence of agroforestry
improvement on annual runoff: research methodology and
calculations]. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 184 p.
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rajona [Dynamics of the water balance of the
Central Black Earth region]. M.: Nauka, 148 p.
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Sovremennye resursy poverhnostnyh i podzemnyh vod evropejskoj
chasti Rossii: Formirovanie, raspredelenie, ispol’zovanie [Modern
resources of surface and groundwater in the European part of
Russia: Formation, distribution, use]. M.: GEOS, 320 p.
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sostoyanie vodnyh resursov v Rostovskoj oblasti [Current state of
water resources in the Rostov Region]. Aridnye ehkosistemy. V. 16.
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(2004). Zakonomernosti antropogennogo preobrazovaniya malyh
vodosborov stepnoj zony YUga Rossii (v predelah Rostovskoj
oblasti) [The patterns of the small catchments anthropogenic
transformation in the steppe zone of the South of Russia (within the
Rostov region)]. Rostov-on-Don: Izd-vo Rost. un-ta, 252 p.
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izmenenij stoka i vynosa biogennyh ehlementov s malyh vodosborov
lesnoj zony na osnove matematicheskoj modeli [Assessment of
possible anthropogenic changes in runoff and biogenic elements
export from small catchments in the forest zone on the basis of a
mathematical model]. Vodnye resursy. №3. pp. 24–32.
10. Koronkevich N.I. (1990). Vodnyj balans Russkoj ravniny i ego
antropogennye izmeneniya [The water balance of the Russian Plain
and its anthropogenic changes]. M.: Nauka, 204 p.
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of soils and biogenic elements export with melted and rainwater
surface runoff in the river basin] Vodnye resursy. V 23. № 6. pp.
645–652.
13. Petel’ko A.I., Panov V.I. (2014). Harakteristika poverhnostnogo
stoka talyh vod s raznyh ugodij za 50 let [Characteristics of the
meltwater surface runoff from different lands in 50 years]. Vestnik
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vynosa biogennyh veshchestv s sel’skohozyajstvennyh ugodij
[Mathematical models of nutrient export from agricultural lands].
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vodoemov [Reservoirs eutrophication management]. SPb.:
Gidrometeoizdat. 279 p.
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L.M. (1992). Prostranstvenno-vremennaya differenciaciya
gidrologicheskih processov i svyazannogo s nimi veshchestvennogo
obmena v sisteme «vodosbor-reka» [Spatial-temporal differentiation
of hydrological processes and associated material exchange in
the «watershed-river» system]. In: Geografo-gidrologicheskie
issledovaniya. M.: IG RAN, MC GO RF. pp. 4–26.
17. Chuyan G.A., Bojchenko Z.A., Tur O.P. (1985). Metodicheskie
rekomendacii po ocenke vynosa biogennyh veshchestv
poverhnostnym stokom [Methodical recommendations on
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32 p.
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izmenchivost’ potoka biogennyh ehlementov i
kachestva vody maloj reki [Spatial-temporal variability of the
biogenic elements flow and water quality of a small river]. Vodnye
resursy. V.29. №3. pp. 343–349.
Maiolo M., Pantusa D.COMBINED REUSE OF WASTEWATER AND DESALINATION FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER SYSTEMS IN CONDITIONS OF SCARCITY
The occurrence of problems related to the shortage of water
resources and the consequent higher difficulties in meeting the needs
of users, require studies aimed at identifying possible interventions
for the increase in water availability. They are mainly the large
drinking water infrastructure for multiple purposes that are in
crisis in meeting the needs on a local basis. In such circumstances,
rationalization and integration of water resources should be sought
through the use of unconventional supply systems. This is the case
of the Alto Ionio Cosentino (Region Calabria, Southern Italy), a
territory characterized by a significant water deficit, competition
between drinking and irrigation use and an inefficient water supply
system in terms of satisfying demand. Through the optimization
of the allocation of water resources, to overcome the problems of
the territory, this paper assesses the possibility of a combined use
between desalination of sea water and reuse of wastewater to meet
the drinking needs and to increase irrigation requirements.
Key words: water scarcity, competition between water uses, reuse
of wastewater, desalination, sustainable management of water
systems
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2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03.
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Smirnov A. F., Taurit V. R.FEATURES OF OPERATION OF CLEAN WATER TANKS
DOI: 10.23968/2305-3488.2017.22.4.111-115
The actions reducing a possibility of water contamination in
operated reservoirs for domestic and drinking water supply
are considered. In the construction of reservoirs, measures are
envisaged to eliminate the direct contact of the internal space
of the reservoir with atmospheric air, as well as the organization
of air exchange through absorber filters (FP) to purify incoming
air. The air inlet and outlet when changing the water level in
the tank, as well as the air exchange in the tanks, are provided
through ventilation devices, which exclude the possibility of
a vacuum exceeding 800 Pa. A technique for calculating the
vacuum in reservoirs during their emptying is proposed. The
modes of operation of ventilation systems have been determined
and investigated, which make it possible to ensure the safe
operation of reservoirs.
Key words: water supply systems, clean water tank, ventilation
devices
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